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1 - PBS2 > 54 - Endocrine Control Review > Flashcards

54 - Endocrine Control Review Flashcards

1
Q

Six general principles of hormones

A

• Endocrine glands may produce multiple hormones (pituitary)
• Hormones may be produced by multiple endocrine glands (sex
steroids)
• Hormones may have more than one target and function (sex steroids,
GH)
• Rate of secretion of some hormones varies over time in a cyclic pattern
(sex steroids)
• Single cell/ organ may be influenced by more than one hormone
(pancreas, reproductive)
• Same chemical messenger may be hormone or neurotransmitter (NE)

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2
Q

Neurohormones

A

Neurocrine that is released into the bloodstream.

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3
Q

Three major groups of neurohormones

A 
1) Hypothalamus→ Anterior
Pituitary.
2) Hypothalamus→ Posterior
Pituitary.
3) Catecholamines (made by
modified adrenal medulla
neurons).
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4
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

A neurocrine molecule secreted to a target cell

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5
Q

Tropic hormones
1
2

A

1) A hormone that controls the secretion of another hormone (trophic usually stimulates growth & development)
2) Often (not always) have names that end with -tropin
Eg. Thyrotropin (TSH), Corticotropin, ACTH, etc.

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6
Q

Simple endocrine reflex

A

Stimulus leads to endocrine gland releasing endocrine into blood, which affects target.

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7
Q

Where are catecholamine receptors located on cells?

A

Cell surface

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8
Q

Synthesis and storage of peptide hormones

A

Made in advance, stored in secretory vesicles

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9
Q

How are peptide hormones released from cells?

A

Exocytosis

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10
Q

Transport of peptide hormones in blood

A

Dissolved in plasma

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11
Q

Location of peptide hormone receptors

A

Cell surface

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12
Q

General target response of peptide hormones

A

Modification of existing proteins, induction of new protein synthesis

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13
Q

Examples of peptide hormones

A

Insulin, parathyroid hormone

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14
Q

Synthesis of steroid hormones

A

Synthesised on demand form precursors (cholesterol)

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15
Q

Release of steroid hormones from parent cell

A

Simple diffusion

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16
Q

Transport of steroids in blood

A

Bound to carrier proteins

17
Q

Half life of steroid hormones

A

Long

18
Q

Amine hormones

A

Catecholamines and thyroid hormones

19
Q

Synthesis and release of amine hormones

A

Both made in advance.
Catecholamines stored in secretory vesicles.
Thyroid hormone prohormones stored in secretory vesicles.

20
Q

Precursor to amine hormones

A

Tyrosine

21
Q

Half life of amine hormones

A

Catecholamines are short.

Thyroid hormones are long.

22
Q

Location of amine hormone receptors

A

Catecholamines in cell membrane.

Thyroid hormones in nucleus.

23
Q

Which other hormones do thyroid hormones behave like?

A

Like steroids

24
Q 
Things influencing plasma hormone concentration
1
2
3
4
A

1) Rate of hormone secretion by the endocrine gland (major factor, for all hormones)
2) Rate of metabolic activation of hormone (for a few hormones)
3) Extent of binding to plasma proteins (for lipophilic hormones)
4) Rate of metabolic inactivation and excretion (for all hormones)

25
Q

Removal of steroid hormones

A

Conjugation and excretion in urine and bile

26
Q

Removal of amine hormones

A

Specific circulating degrading enzymes

27
Q

Removal of large peptide hormones

A

Receptor mediated endocytosis and recycling

28
Q

Removal of most small hormones

A

Kidneys

29
Q

Two broad negative feedback systems

A

Long-loops (back up system)

Short-loops

30
Q

What triggers LH surge in menstruation?

A

High oestrogen levels (if oestrogen levels don’t rise enough, don’t get LH surge)

31
Q 
Regulation of hormone secretion 
1
2
3
4
A

1) Down‐regulation
2) Antagonism
3) Synergism
4) Permissive

32
Q

Down-regulation in hormone secretion

A

– Endocytosis

– Target cell desenitisation

33
Q

Antagonism in regulating hormone secretion

A

– Act together but act in opposite directions (insulin & glucagon)
– Allows fine tuning

34
Q

Synergism in regulating hormone secretion

A

– Multiple stimuli and effect is more than additive (glucagon,
cortisol & adrenaline regulating blood glucose; reproductive)

35
Q

Permissive hormone regulation

A

– First hormone cannot exert effects without presence of second hormone (cortisol & adrenaline)

36
Q

Primary endocrine disorders

A

Secreting gland of hormone is abnormal

37
Q 
Disorders of decreased hormone activity 
1
2
3
4
A

– Hyposecretion
• Primary (gland abnormal)
• Secondary (normal gland; abnormal tropic hormone)

– Increased removal from blood

– Abnormal tissue response
• Lack of receptors
• Lack of enzyme for cell response

– Treatment: hormone administration

38
Q 
Disorders of increased hormone activity
1
2
3
4
A

– Hypersecretion
• Primary (gland abnormal)
• Secondary (normal gland; excessive stimulation)

– Decreased plasma protein binding

– Decreased removal from blood
• Decreased inactivation
• Decreased excretion

– Treatment: Tumor removal, inhibiting drugs

1 - PBS2 (96 decks)

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