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Biology > 8.2 > Flashcards

8.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What happens in oxidation

A

loses electrons

gains oxygen

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2
Q

What happens in reduction

A

Gains electrons

loses oxygen

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3
Q

What are redox reactions usually coupled with

A

electron carriers

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4
Q

Name an example of an electron carrier

A

NAD

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5
Q

What do redox reactions often transfer

A

two hydrogen ATOMS to the carrier

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6
Q

What happens to NAD in glycolysis

A

it is reduced to become NADH + H+

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7
Q

Where does reduced NADH + H+ go to

A

transferred to a mitochondrion where it can be used up in the electron transport chain to generate ATP

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8
Q

What is NADP

A

the main carrier for photosynthetic reactions whereas NAD is used for the bulk of respiration reactions

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9
Q

What is the difference between NAD and NADP

A

NADP has an extra phosphate group

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10
Q

Oxidation

A

Oxygen - gained
hydrogen - lost
electrons - lost

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11
Q

Reduction

A

oxygen - lost
hydrogen - gained
electrons - gained

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12
Q

What happens when a phosphate group is added to a whole molecule

A

it becomes much less stable and more likely to react or break down into smaller molecule

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13
Q

What is phosphorylation based on

A

the hydrolysis of an ATP molecule in an exergonic reaction

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14
Q

what is the purpose of phosphorylation of molecules

A

to make them more reactiev

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15
Q

What is glycolysis

A

a metabolic pathway which gives a small yield of 2 ATP and 2 reduced NADH + H_.

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16
Q

What is broken down in glycolysis

A

A hexose sugar (6C) is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate (3C)

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17
Q

What is the first step of glycolysis

A

phosphorylation

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18
Q

what takes place in phosphorylation during glycolysis

A

a hexose sugar (glucose) is phosphorylated by two molecules of ATP (adding two phosphates on the end)

this makes the molecules less stable and more reactive

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19
Q

what is the second step fo glycolysis

A

lysis

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20
Q

what takes place in lysis in glycolysis

A

the hexose diphosphate 6C sugar is split into two triode phosphates (3c)

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21
Q

what is the 3rd step fo glycolysis

A

Oxidation

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22
Q

What takes place in the oxidation of glycolysis

A

Hydrogen atoms are removed from each fo the 3c sugared, reduce NAD+ to NADH+ H+

two molecules of NADH are produced in total, one from each sugar

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23
Q

What is the fourth step of glycolysis

A

ATP formation

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24
Q

What happens in ATP formation in glycolysis

A

some of the energy released is directly used to synthesis ATP

(substrate level phosphorylation)

4 molecules of ATP are generate in total but 2 per ATP

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25
Q

What is the net total of ATP produced

A

2 ATP (4 - 2)

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26
Q

Sumarise the steps of glycolysis

A

Phosphorylation - hexose sugar is phosphorylated by two molecules of ATP causing it to become less stable

lysis - the hexose diphosphate is broken down into triose phosphates (3C)

oxidation - two hydrogen atoms are removed from the two triode phosphates, reducing NAD to NADH+ H+.

ATP formation - energy is used to synthesis ATP

net total of two ATP

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27
Q

How many hydrogen atoms are removed from each triode biphosphates in glycolysis

A

2 hydrogen atoms

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28
Q

equation of glycolysis

A

Glucose ——— 2 pyruvate + H20
2ADP + 2P ——– 2 ATP
2NAD+ —— 2 NADH + 2H+

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29
Q

What is a pathway where decarboxylation and oxidation occur

A

the link reaction pathway

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30
Q

What happens during a decarboxylation reaction

A

carbon is lost as carbon dioxide

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31
Q

How is pyruvate oxidized to acteyl coA in the link reaction

A

it loses hydrogen

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32
Q

What is the equation for the link reaction

A

pyruvate - Co2 exists, NAD enters and reduced into NADH, coenzyme A enters - forms acetyl CoA

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33
Q

When does link reaction

A

after glycolysis but only if oxygen is available

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34
Q

Where does glycolysis take place in eukaryotic cells?

A

cytoplasm

35
Q

During glycolysis, when each glucose molecule is catalytically broken down to two molecules of pyruvate, most of the potential energy contained in glucose is

A

retained in the two pyruvates

36
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle take place

A

in the mitochondrial matrix

37
Q

where does the link reaction happen

A

in the mitochondrial matrix and generates acetyl CoA that will be assimilated into the Krebs cycle

38
Q

What happens to acetyl coA in the Krebs cycle

A

acetyl CoA transfers its acetyl group to a 4c compound to make a 6 compound (citrate)

co enzyme A is then released and can return back to the link reaction

39
Q

What happens in the Krebs cycle

A

Pyruvate joins with acetyl coA (4c + 2c) to form citrate (6C)

6C is decarboxylated (Co2 leaves) and it is also oxidized (2H leaves to reduce Nad into NADH + H+) forming 5C

5C is then decarboxylated (Co2 leaves) and it is also oxidized (2H leaves to reduce Nad into NADH + H+) forming 4C. ATP is formed as well

4C is rearranges and oxidized, NAD is reduced and FAD is also reduced to FADH2

40
Q

What does a single cycle and a double cycle of Krebs cycle produce

A

2 x CO2; ATP, FADH2; 3NADH+H+

4CO2; 2ATP; 2FADH2, 6NADH+H+

41
Q

What happens to the lost hydrogen atoms

A

picked up by hydrogen carriers NAD and FAD

42
Q

What happens to the acetyl group from the link reaction

A

it is successively oxidized and decarboxylised

43
Q

What is the overall maximum yield of one glucose molecule that has been completely broken down

A

38 molecules of ATP

44
Q

how many pyruvate does one glucose yield

A

two

45
Q

How many decarboxylation reactions are there in the Krebs cycle and link in total

A

three decarboxylation reactions

46
Q

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is released during which of the following stages of cellular respiration?

A

oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the Krebs cycle

47
Q

Where do all the electron carriers go after the Krebs cycle and glycolysis and the link reaction

A

to special protein complexes such as the electron transport chain

48
Q

What is the inner mitochondrial membrane folded into

A

cristae - which increases the surface area

49
Q

Where is the ATP synthase located

A

at the inner mitochondrial membrane

50
Q

what does the ATP synthase use

A

hydrogen ions (protons) gradient to synthesis ATP

51
Q

What is the final electron acceptor

A

oxygen

52
Q

where do electrons come in from

A

from the mitochondrial matrix - into the inner mitochondrial membrane and out into the intermembrane space

53
Q

What do FADH2 and NADH+H+ do in the electron transport chain

A

they donate their electrons to proteins (4 complexes in the chain)

54
Q

how many protein complexes are there in the ETC

A

four

55
Q

what happens to the electron carriers in ETC

A

they are oxidized, and leave behind H+ (proton),

56
Q

What do the protein complexes do in the ETC

A

they pass the electrons across the chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane

this pumps protons into the inter membrane space at the same time

57
Q

How is a proton gradient formed

A

they are pumped into the intermembrane space, producing a large concentration of protons

58
Q

What happens as the electrons are passed down the protein complexes in the ETC

A

they reach the final protein and oxygen comes in to accept the electrons from the protein complex and combine them with the protons to form water

59
Q

What is the final electron acceptor

A

oxygen and results in the form of water

60
Q

What protein produces ATP using the proton gradient

A

ATP synthase

61
Q

What does ATP synthase allow

A

allows for the protons to flow through the core, spin like a turbine, phosphorylating ADP into ATP

62
Q

What is chemiosmosis

A

when Protons come through the ATP synthase and spin around, ADP is phosphorylated into ATP, forming 34 molecules of ATP

63
Q

How many ATP molecules does Chemiosmosis produce

A

34 ATP

64
Q

What energy does the ATP synthase use

A

energy from the ETC

65
Q

What does oxygen also help in the ETC

A

helps maintain the hydrogen gradient in the matrix by binding with the free protons to form water

66
Q

How many molecules of ATP can NADH+H+ give rise to

A

three ATP molecules

67
Q

How many molecules of ATP can FadH2 give rise to

A

two molecules of ATP

68
Q

When does FADH2 donate its electrons

A

at a later step than NADH+H+

69
Q

Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located?

A

inner membrane of the mitochondria

70
Q

In cellular respiration, the energy for most ATP synthesis is supplied by:

A

a proton gradient across a membrane

71
Q

What happens to oxygen during aerobic cell respiration?

A

oxygen is reduced by accepting electrons at the end of the ETC

72
Q

Structures of the mitochondria

A 
Inter-membrane space 
Matrix 
Cristae 
Inner membrane 
Outer membrane 
70s ribosomes 
Mitochondrial DNA
73
Q

What is the function of the cristae

A

forms a large surface area for the electron transport chain and ATP synthase

74
Q

What is the function of the 70s ribosomes

A

synthesizes some of the proteins and enzymes needed within the mitochondrion

75
Q

What si the function of the protein coated circular DNA

A

codes for some of he mitochondrial proteins

76
Q

What is the function of the outer mitochondrial membrane

A

isolates the content of the mitochondrion from the cytoplasm to allow optimum conditions for reactions of aerobic respiration

77
Q

what is the function of the matrix

A

enables the link reaction and the Krebs cycle to process at an appropriate rate due to the enzymes and fluidity

78
Q

what is the role of the intermemrbane space

A

allows for the fast accumulation sos protons needed for chemiosmosis

79
Q

what does recent hypotheses suggest about cristae

A

that it is dynamic and can react to the varying biochemical conditions that exist inside a mitochondrion

80
Q

What does electron tomography allow for

A

three dimensional images of mitochondria to be made, supporting the idea that the dynamic nature and fluidity of the Christie

proteins can also be visualized within active mitochondria

81
Q

What happens when glucose is not available for cellular respiration

A

fatty acids will directly enter the link reaction and go on

82
Q

What is a key component required for the synthesis of acetyl-CoA?

A

pyruvic acid

83
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

Protons moving down a concentration gradient into the matrix.

Biology (51 decks)

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