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Biology > 3.4 > Flashcards

3.4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What did Gregor Mendel discover

A

the basic underlying principles of heredity through his work on garden pea plants

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2
Q

What did Mendel experiments include

A

covering each flower until it could be hand fertilized with the pollen of a chosen parent plant, then examining the traits of the offspring

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3
Q

What three laws did Mendel discover (of inheritance)

A

The law of segregation

The law of independent assortment

The law of dominance

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4
Q

What does the law of segregation state

A

two alleles are separated during meiosis so that each gamete contains only one allele for each gene, alleles are passed from one generation to the next as distinct units

exceptions include genes on sex chromosomes and mitochondrial DNA which only inherited from the mtoher

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5
Q

Where is mitochondrial DNA inherited from

A

the mother

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6
Q

What is only inherited from the mother

A

mitochondrial DNA

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7
Q

What is the law of independent assortment

A

the allele inherited for one trait does not affect which allele will be inherited fro another trait . It is caused by random orientation

exceptions are for genes who’s loci are close together on the same chromosome - linked genes)

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8
Q

What are linked genes

A

genes who’s loci are close together on the same chromsoosm

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9
Q

What does the law of dominance state

A

if an organism has two different alleles, one allele will determine the trait The allele that determines the trait is dominant; the unexpressed allele is recessive 9 there are expceptions other than dominant- recessive, co-domincance)

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10
Q

What is DNA

A

the molecule that stores genetic information and short stretches of DNA that influence a particular characteristic (genes)

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11
Q

What does P/F1/F2 mean

A

used in specific breeding test in which two parents homozygous for different forms of a trait ar emitted

P - parental generation

F1 - first generation

F2 - second filial generation

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12
Q

What Is a phenotype

A

an organisms observable charvateristics or traits including its morphology and biochemical properties

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13
Q

What is a genotype

A

the two alleles present tin an organism for a particular gene

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14
Q

What is an allele

A

a particular version of a gene

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15
Q

What Is a dominant allele

A

an allele the has the same effect on the phenotype whether one or two copies are present

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16
Q

What is a recessive allele e

A

an allele that only has an effect on the phenotype when two copies are present

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17
Q

What are codominant alleles

A

alley that jointly affect the phenotype when present together, creating an intermediate or combined phenotype

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18
Q

A gene has three possible alleles. How many different genotypes can be found for this gene?

A

6

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19
Q

What is true of the law of segregation?

A

It refers to the fact that a parent has a pair of alleles for each gene, and will pass on only one to an offspring.

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20
Q

How many copies of alleles are present at each gene locus in a gamete produced by a diploid organism?

A

one - During gamete formation, the two alleles occurring at each gene locus of a diploid organism are separated to distribute one such allele per gamete.

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21
Q

What was the dominant and recessive allele in Mendel’s discovery

A 
Y = yellow allele (dominant 
y = green allele (recessive)
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22
Q

What is said about dominant alleles

A

they always mask the effects of the recessive alleles, when both are present, only the dominant allele affects the phenotype

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23
Q

What is a Punnett grid

A

a diagram used to determine the expected ratio of genotypes and phenotypes in the offspring of parents with known genotypes

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24
Q

What does it mean when something is test crossed

A

crossed with a homozygous recessive

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25
Q

What happens when two alleles are present in an individual

A

this leads to co-dominance

and they are different phenotypes

notation for the trait is in capital with capital superscript for the allele

for example

red coloru = CR
white color = CW

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26
Q

How to find the probability of two independent events both occurring

A

multiply to find the probability

27
Q

How do you find the probability that one event or another event occurs

A

you add them

28
Q

What are the four main blood groups

A

A, B, AB, and O

29
Q

What is the genotype for each blood type

A

IAIA or IAi - A

IBIB or IBi - B

IAIB - AB

ii -O

30
Q

What blood group alleles are co-dominant

A

I A and I B

31
Q

What is the most safe blood group

A

O because it is the universal donor for blood transfusions

32
Q

What antigens do each blood type produce

A

IAiA - lots of A
IAi - a few A

ii - nothing

IAIB - A and B

33
Q

Which can receive the least blood types

A

IA and IB

34
Q

Which blood group phenotypes always has a homozygous genotype?

A

O

35
Q

What is a rare allele

A

refers to the frequency of the allele and describes how many individuals in a population carry the allele

36
Q

what is an autosomal disease

A

disease caused by the alleles in non sex genes

37
Q

Name an example of an autosomal recessive disease

A

Cystic fibrosis

38
Q

What is an example of a co-dominant autosomal disease

A

sickle cell anemia

39
Q

What are sex linked diseases

A

diseases that are caused by certain genes on sex chromosomes

40
Q

What is a y linked gene

A

follow a simple pattern because it is passed from the father to the sons and no daughters

41
Q

What are x linked genes

A

females can be unaffected carriers of recessive alleles on the X chromosome, but since males have only one copy of the gene, they cannot be carriers. Recessive X linked diseases are seen much more frequently in males

42
Q

If a genetic disease is caused by the recessive allele of a gene found on the X chromosome, it implies that:

A

male children are more likely to be affected by the disease

43
Q

What is cystic fibrosis

A

an autosomal recessive disease caused by a mutation in the gene

44
Q

What is Huntintogns disease

A

an autosomal dominant disease

a neurodegenerative disorder that begins o affect people between 30 and 50 years of age. Cause by a mutation on the dominant gene

45
Q

What is red green color blindness

A

a sex linked recessive disease

XbY - affected male
XBXb - unaffected mother

50% chance affected children

for a female to have an X linked recessive trait, her father must also have the trait

46
Q

What is hemophilia

A

a disease in which a protein needed for blood clotting most commonly, factor VIII I snot made. Meaning small injuries can cause patients to bleed excessively and die.

recessive allele

47
Q

Why are pedigree charts useful

A

they are good for studying inheritance in humans

48
Q

what do you look for autosomal dominant

A

every affected individual has at least one affected individual

both males and females affected

seen in every generation

49
Q

how do you identify for autumnal recessive

A

look for
both males and females affected

cases where two unaffected parents have an affected child

skips generations

50
Q

how to identify for sex linkage

A

usually only males are affected

rarely seen but females affected only when the father is affected

51
Q

What are two major causes of spontaneous mutations

A

Chemical mutagens and radiation

52
Q

What do radiation and mutagenic chemicals do

A

they increase the mutation rate and can cause genetic diseases and cancer

53
Q

What are mutagens

A

any agent that causes or increases the frequency of mutations by triggering changes in the genetic material of an organism

54
Q

What types of radiation are mutagen

A

UV radiation, ultraviolet light, X rays)

55
Q

What chemicals are mutagens

A

cigarette, smoke and food

56
Q

What is radiation

A

occurs when energy, in the form of waves or particles is emitted.

57
Q

What is the difference between the genetic material of gametes and zygotes?

A

Gametes have a single copy of an allele for each gene while zygotes have two copies for each gene.

58
Q

The nuclear explosion at Chernobyl power station in 1986 caused an increase in cancers in surrounding areas. Which cancer was seen to increase dramatically in children following the explosion? (

A

thyroid

59
Q

What is a characteristic of sex-linked inheritance in humans?

A

Men can only be hemizygous (only carry one copy) for the gene.

60
Q

What could have been a valid conclusion on the basis of Mendel’s experiments?

A

Genes for two different characteristics are inherited separately.

61
Q

A mutation in the CFTR gene causes cystic fibrosis. Which protein does this gene code for?

A

chloride channel in the mucous membrane.

62
Q

How is red-green colour blindness inherited?

A

Affected girls must inherit the faulty allele from both parents.

63
Q

Codominant alleles produce a new

A

phenotype

Biology (51 decks)

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