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Biology > 4.1 > Flashcards

4.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a species?

A

A species is a group of genetically similar living organisms that are able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

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2
Q

What are fertile offspring?

A

Fertile offspring are those which can in turn interbreed and pass on their genes to another generation.

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3
Q

How can members of a species become reproductively isolated?

A

Geographical barriers, behavioral differences or niche partitioning

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4
Q

Name an example of reproductive isolation

A

Populations of black rats (Rates rates) found in different parts of the world are reproductively isolated as their members cannot come together in the same area to mate. They may have evolved to the point where they are too genetically different to produce fertile offspring.

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5
Q

What are organisms of the same pieces classified into?

A

Taxa

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6
Q

What is a gene pool?

A

A collection of genes (agony with their associated allelic forms) found in a population. All members of a species share a common gene pool and number of chromosomes in their haploid cells.

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7
Q

Why are hybrid species often infertile?

A

There is a difference in chromosomes of the parents for example horses and donkeys have different chromosome numbers, making mules infertile.

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8
Q

What is a population

A

A group of members of the same species living together in the same place at the same time.

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9
Q

What is a community

A

Groups of populations that live together and interact with each other in a particular area

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10
Q

What is an ecosystem

A

A community and its abiotic environment

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11
Q

What are abiotic factors

A

Non-living factors such as pH, salinity, wind speed, type of soil, etc

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12
Q

What are biotic factors

A

Living factors in an ecosystem, such as the plants and animals.

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13
Q

Name the order of an ecosystem

A

Species - Population - Community - ecosystem - Biome - Biosphere

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14
Q

What are the two types of nutrition?

A

Autotrophic and heterotrophic

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15
Q

What is needed for growth reproduction and movement?

A

Organic molecules such as glucose and amino acids

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16
Q

What is autotrophic nutrition?

A

Organisms that are capable of making their own complex organic molecules from carbon dioxide and other simple compounds (almost all types of plants)

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17
Q

What is heterotrophic nutrition?

A

Organisms that obtain their organic compounds through feeding on other organisms

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18
Q

Modes of obtaining organic molecules

A

Bacteria - some autotrophic and heterotrophic

Protoctista - some autotrophic and heterotrophic

Fungi - Heterotrophic

Plantae - Mostly autotrophic

Animalia - heterotrophic

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19
Q

What are species that can feed both autographically and heterotrophically?

A

Mixotrophs

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20
Q

Name the mode of nutrition practiced by secondary consumers.

A

Heterotrophic

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21
Q

How do autotrophs create organic molecules?

A

They obtain inorganic nutrients from their abiotic environment and create organic molecules

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22
Q

What is ingestion?

A

The taking in of a substance. In animals, it takes place through the mouth but can occur by any other means to allow entry into the body

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23
Q

What are consumers

A

Organisms that gain nutrients by feeding on other organisms using ingestion or absorption

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24
Q

How do smaller consumers such as Paramecium take in their food?

A

Through endocytosis and their food is then digested in food vacuoles using the digestive enzymes from lysosomes.

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25
Q

What are herbivores?

A

consumers who feed solely on producers

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26
Q

What are primary consumers

A

Feed on producers and autrotrophs

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27
Q

What are secondary consumers

A

they feed on primary consumers

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28
Q

What are tertiary consumers?

A

they feed on secondary consumers

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29
Q

What are carnivores

A

consumers who feed solely on other consumers (i.e a giant anteater)

30
Q

What are omnivores

A

Organisms that consume both plants and animals

31
Q

What are detrivores?

A

Organisms that gain nutrients by feeding on dead organic material and breaking it into smaller organic molecules, beetles

32
Q

What is internal digestion

A

the process by which an organism digests its food inside of its body, usually with the aid of a digestive tract

32
Q

What is internal digestion

A

the process by which an organism digests its food inside of its body, usually with the aid of a digestive tract

33
Q

What do detritus contain

A

Detritus and discarded material contains organic compounds that can be used as a source of energy ro raw materials by detrivores following internal digestion

34
Q

What are saprotrophs?

A

Saprotrophs are heterotrophs that obtain their organic nutrients from dead organisms by external digestion. They are referred to as decomposers as they feed on dead organic matter. Such as Fungi and bacteria

35
Q

Why are detrivores important

A

They recycle nutrients and return them to the soil for autotrophs to use

36
Q

Why are saprotrophs important

A

They secrete digestive enzymes on decaying organic matter on which Thye are feeding to cause the breakdown of complex organic compounds into simpler organic molecules and minerals which increases soil fertility. The double digested materials released are then absorbed and used by the saprotrophs themselves and can re-enter the food chain.

37
Q

Why is nutrient cycling an important process

A

It helps with sustaining ecological stability

38
Q

What is external digestion?

A

the process by which organisms secrete enzymes into their environment to break down organic debris around them.

39
Q

What is ecology

A

the study of the relationship between living organisms and their interactions with the environment

40
Q

What is symbiosis

A

means living together and refers to the following outcomes of interactions between populations

41
Q

What is mutualism

A

a type of symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit

42
Q

What is commensalism

A

a type of symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

43
Q

What is parasitism

A

a type of symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other is harmed

44
Q

An example of symbiosis

A

Decorator crabs decorate shells with sponges, corals and urchins which camouflages themselves from predators which benefits other organisms by giving them a mobile place to attach and live.

Or lichen, which is a mutualistic relationship between an algae and a fungus where the fungus provides water, nutrients and shelter for the autotroph and the autotroph provides food for the fungus.

45
Q

Give an example of commensalism

A

a bird nest in a tree

46
Q

Give an example of paratism

A

when a mosquito depends on human blood for nutrition while causing humans itchy bites and in some regions diseases.

47
Q

what is a predator prey relationship

A

one where one organism hunts and feeds on another

48
Q

What do organisms require for nucleic acids and proteins

A

phosphorous and nitrogen and sulfur for proteins

49
Q

Why are nutrients different to energy

A

They can be recycled almost indefinitely unlike energy which must constantly be supplied by the sun

50
Q

What are chemoautotrophs

A

Autotrophs that use chemical energy to make organic compounds used by consumers such as black smokers in the ocean

51
Q

What is nutrient cycling?

A

helps to move organic molecules and minerals through the food chain and back into the soil where they can be taken up by plants to re-enter the food chain

52
Q

What is a mesocosm

A

A mesocosm is an experimental tool that allows the experimenter to control the conditions in a small part of the natural environment.

It can be used to evaluate how organisms might react to environment change through deliberate manipulation of environmental variables such as increased temperature, carbon dioxide or pH levels.

53
Q

What are the advantages of using a mesocosm as an experimental tool?

A
  • treatments are easily replicated
  • the effect of several environmental factors can be tested
  • food webs can be established
  • direct and indirect effects can be studied
54
Q

What are the two main type of mesocosms?

A

aquatic and terrestrial

55
Q

How are mesocosms set up

A

can be in open tanks but closed sealed glass vessels are preferable as entry and exit of matter can be prevented while still allowing light to enter and heat to leave.

56
Q

List abiotic factors

A

Water, snow, mist, humidity, light, rocks, clouds, air, temperature, pH, mountains, weather.

57
Q

What is a chi squared test?

A

a statistical test to better understand communities and whether two populations are associated and dependent upon each other or not. It is used to analyse categorical data

58
Q

What is categorical data?

A

data that is not linear but can be separated into categories

59
Q

define ecological frequency

A

the number of times a plant species occurs in a given number of quadrate.

60
Q

How is expected frequency calculated

A

Row total x column total/ grand total = expected frequency

61
Q

What are some limitations of the chi-squared test

A

can only be used for categorical data
The data must be raw data
it is not valid if the sample size is a small value

62
Q

What is a quadrate

A

a tool used to measure the population distribution in a given area

63
Q

Examples of producers

A

Bacteria, protists, plants and algae

64
Q

What happens if sunlight is not a source of energy

A

Certain organisms use chemical energy in their surrounding environments to generate energy in a process call chemosynthesis.

65
Q

What is energy in carbon compounds used for in consumers

A
  • nucleic acid and protein synthesis
  • ion exchange across membranes
  • cell division for reproduction, growth and repair
  • movement of components within cells
66
Q

How is ATP produced

A

By oxidizing glucose and other carbon compounds through respiration

67
Q

What is a food chain

A

A model that shows how nutrients and energy are passed from producer to primary consumer, then secondary consumer and so on.

68
Q

How is energy transferred

A

Producer - primary consumer - secondary consumer - tertiary consumer

69
Q

What is a trophic level

A

refers to the position of an organism in a food chain

70
Q

What is a food web

A

are models of ecosystems that represent many different food chain possibilities. It shows the interconnections that exist among food chains.

Biology (51 decks)

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