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Biology > 2.1 > Flashcards

2.1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are organic compounds

A

carbon containing compounds such as glucose, fats and proteins

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2
Q

What is carbon

A

an element with the atomic number 6 with 4 electrons in its outer shells that form four covalent bonds with other carbon atoms or other elements.

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3
Q

what is the length of engle of carbon atoms in a methane molecules

A

109.5 degrees

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4
Q

what does methane consist of

A

a single carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms

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5
Q

how can carbon chains be presented

A

simple carbons, long carbon chains or rings

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6
Q

what are carbon based compounds found in living organisms

A

nucleic acids
amino acids
carbohydrates
lipids

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7
Q

how can carbon form a diversity of stable compounds

A

due to its ability to form covalent bonds with atoms of carbon or other elements

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8
Q

name an inorganic carbon containing compound

A

carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, carbonates and bicarbonates

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9
Q

what type of organic molecules are living organisms made up of

A

macromolecules

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10
Q

what are the four type of macro molecules

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

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11
Q

what do the four macromolecules contain

A

hydrogen, carbon and oxygen

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12
Q

what element appears in proteins and nucleic acids as well

A

nitrogen

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13
Q

what element appears in some lipids

A

phosphorus

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14
Q

what are carbohydrates

A

macromolecules composed of carbon hydrogen and oxygen with a ration of hydrogen to oxygen of 2:1.

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15
Q

what is the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in carbs

A

2:1

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16
Q

what are lipids

A

very diverse groups of organic compounds that include steroids (cholesterol), waxes, phospholipids and triglycerides

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17
Q

what are proteins

A

consist of amino acids that are arranges in long chains

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18
Q

what are nucleic acids

A

arranged in chains by nucleotides

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19
Q

what are monomers

A

they make up macromolecules and are the building bricks, they join together to form larger structures called polymers

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20
Q

Name different types of carbohydrates

A

Alpha D glucose
Beta D glucose
Starch
Ribose

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21
Q

Name examples of lipids

A

Triglycerides
steroids
phospholipids

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22
Q

Name examples of proteins

A

enzymes
polypeptides
structural proteins

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23
Q

Name types of nucleic acids

A

DNA and ~RNA

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24
Q

What is the function of Alpha d glucose

A

used to produce ATP in cells

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25
What is the function of beta d glucose
builds cell walls in plants
26
What is the function of starch
long term storage in plants
27
What is the function of ribose
component of DNA and RNA
28
What is the function of triglycerides
long term storage in adipose tissue in animals
29
What is the function of steroids
chemical messengers in the body that have a distinctive ring shape
30
What is the function of phospholipids
major components of plasma membranes
31
What is the function of structural proteins
keratin and collagen from the structural framework of many parts of the body
32
What is the function of enzymes
metabolic proteins that speed up chemical reactions in the body
33
What is the function of polypeptides
make up protein
34
What is the function of DNA
stores genetic information
35
What is the function of RNA
creates proteins at ribosomes using information stored in DNA
36
what are the monomers of carbohydrate
glucose fructose
37
what is the monomer of proteins
amino acids
38
what is the monomer of nucleic acids
ribose
39
what is the monomer of lipids
fatty acids
40
Alpha D glucose
draw it H at top Oh at bottom
41
beta D glucose
Draw H at bottom Oh at top
42
Amino acid
draw
43
fatty acids
C and H draw
44
ribose
draw
45
what does it mean if a molecule has - COOH or NH2
it is an amino acid
46
what does it mean if the - COOH is attached to a long hydrocarbon chain
fatty acid
47
what do both amino acids and fatty acids have
- COOH
48
what does it mean fi the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is 2:1
it is a sugar (carbohydrate)
49
how many carbons does ribose have
5
50
how many carbons does glucose have
6
51
what is the test for starch
iodine solution - turns blue black
52
what is the test for proteins
biuret test - turns purple
53
test for carbohydrates
Benedicts solution - blue turns brick red
54
what is metabolism
sum of all enzymatic reactions that take place inside a living organism
55
what is anabolism
the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules; a process that requires the input of energy small to big such as amino acids to protein
56
what is catabolism
the breakdowns of complex molecules into simpler molecules including hydrolysis of macromolecules into monomers breakdown of sugars or fats to release energy big to small
57
what is a hydrolysis reaction
the breaking of chemical bonds by the addition of water molecules
58
what is the condensation reaction
refers to the reaction in which two smaller organic molecules combine to form a larger molecule with the accompanied formation of water or some other simple molecules
59
metabolism =
anabolism + catabolism
60
give an example of a catabolic reaction
the breakdown of glucose in cellular respiration
61
what is urea
an organic compound with the formula CO(NH2)2. it is non-toxic and highly soluble allows us to excrete nitrogen
62
what can urea be used for
it is a widely known nitrogen fertilizer
63
what has the application of urea led to
artificial synthesis on a large scale
64
who artificially synthesized urea first
a German chemist named Friedrich Wöhler in 1828.
65
what did Wöhler represent
showed that an organic compound could be synthesized by two inorganic molecules that a by product of life could be artificially synthesized in a laboratory
66
what theory did wonder contradict
the theory of vitalism
67
what does the theory of vitalism suggest
that organic compounds could only be synthesized by living organisms as they possessed an element that non-living things did not have
68
what did the artificial synthesis help falsify
falsified the theory of vitalism whilst demonstrating that organic compounds can be synthesized without the need of a vital force
69
how is urea formed
for the breakdown of amino acids in excess in the body
70
what molecule is donated by the nitrogen pool to the urea cycle
NH3
71
what molecule has a ratio of hydrogen and oxygen that is always greater than 2:1
lipids

Biology (51 decks)

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