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Biology > 2.1 > Flashcards

2.1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are organic compounds

A

carbon containing compounds such as glucose, fats and proteins

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2
Q

What is carbon

A

an element with the atomic number 6 with 4 electrons in its outer shells that form four covalent bonds with other carbon atoms or other elements.

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3
Q

what is the length of engle of carbon atoms in a methane molecules

A

109.5 degrees

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4
Q

what does methane consist of

A

a single carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms

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5
Q

how can carbon chains be presented

A

simple carbons, long carbon chains or rings

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6
Q

what are carbon based compounds found in living organisms

A

nucleic acids
amino acids
carbohydrates
lipids

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7
Q

how can carbon form a diversity of stable compounds

A

due to its ability to form covalent bonds with atoms of carbon or other elements

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8
Q

name an inorganic carbon containing compound

A

carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, carbonates and bicarbonates

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9
Q

what type of organic molecules are living organisms made up of

A

macromolecules

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10
Q

what are the four type of macro molecules

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

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11
Q

what do the four macromolecules contain

A

hydrogen, carbon and oxygen

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12
Q

what element appears in proteins and nucleic acids as well

A

nitrogen

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13
Q

what element appears in some lipids

A

phosphorus

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14
Q

what are carbohydrates

A

macromolecules composed of carbon hydrogen and oxygen with a ration of hydrogen to oxygen of 2:1.

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15
Q

what is the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in carbs

A

2:1

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16
Q

what are lipids

A

very diverse groups of organic compounds that include steroids (cholesterol), waxes, phospholipids and triglycerides

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17
Q

what are proteins

A

consist of amino acids that are arranges in long chains

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18
Q

what are nucleic acids

A

arranged in chains by nucleotides

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19
Q

what are monomers

A

they make up macromolecules and are the building bricks, they join together to form larger structures called polymers

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20
Q

Name different types of carbohydrates

A

Alpha D glucose
Beta D glucose
Starch
Ribose

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21
Q

Name examples of lipids

A

Triglycerides
steroids
phospholipids

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22
Q

Name examples of proteins

A

enzymes
polypeptides
structural proteins

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23
Q

Name types of nucleic acids

A

DNA and ~RNA

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24
Q

What is the function of Alpha d glucose

A

used to produce ATP in cells

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25
Q

What is the function of beta d glucose

A

builds cell walls in plants

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26
Q

What is the function of starch

A

long term storage in plants

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27
Q

What is the function of ribose

A

component of DNA and RNA

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28
Q

What is the function of triglycerides

A

long term storage in adipose tissue in animals

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29
Q

What is the function of steroids

A

chemical messengers in the body that have a distinctive ring shape

30
Q

What is the function of phospholipids

A

major components of plasma membranes

31
Q

What is the function of structural proteins

A

keratin and collagen from the structural framework of many parts of the body

32
Q

What is the function of enzymes

A

metabolic proteins that speed up chemical reactions in the body

33
Q

What is the function of polypeptides

A

make up protein

34
Q

What is the function of DNA

A

stores genetic information

35
Q

What is the function of RNA

A

creates proteins at ribosomes using information stored in DNA

36
Q

what are the monomers of carbohydrate

A

glucose fructose

37
Q

what is the monomer of proteins

A

amino acids

38
Q

what is the monomer of nucleic acids

A

ribose

39
Q

what is the monomer of lipids

A

fatty acids

40
Q

Alpha D glucose

A

draw it

H at top

Oh at bottom

41
Q

beta D glucose

A

Draw

H at bottom

Oh at top

42
Q

Amino acid

A

draw

43
Q

fatty acids

A

C and H draw

44
Q

ribose

A

draw

45
Q

what does it mean if a molecule has - COOH or NH2

A

it is an amino acid

46
Q

what does it mean if the - COOH is attached to a long hydrocarbon chain

A

fatty acid

47
Q

what do both amino acids and fatty acids have

A
  • COOH
48
Q

what does it mean fi the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is 2:1

A

it is a sugar (carbohydrate)

49
Q

how many carbons does ribose have

A

5

50
Q

how many carbons does glucose have

A

6

51
Q

what is the test for starch

A

iodine solution - turns blue black

52
Q

what is the test for proteins

A

biuret test - turns purple

53
Q

test for carbohydrates

A

Benedicts solution - blue turns brick red

54
Q

what is metabolism

A

sum of all enzymatic reactions that take place inside a living organism

55
Q

what is anabolism

A

the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules; a process that requires the input of energy

small to big

such as

amino acids to protein

56
Q

what is catabolism

A

the breakdowns of complex molecules into simpler molecules including hydrolysis of macromolecules into monomers

breakdown of sugars or fats to release energy

big to small

57
Q

what is a hydrolysis reaction

A

the breaking of chemical bonds by the addition of water molecules

58
Q

what is the condensation reaction

A

refers to the reaction in which two smaller organic molecules combine to form a larger molecule with the accompanied formation of water or some other simple molecules

59
Q

metabolism =

A

anabolism + catabolism

60
Q

give an example of a catabolic reaction

A

the breakdown of glucose in cellular respiration

61
Q

what is urea

A

an organic compound with the formula CO(NH2)2.

it is non-toxic and highly soluble

allows us to excrete nitrogen

62
Q

what can urea be used for

A

it is a widely known nitrogen fertilizer

63
Q

what has the application of urea led to

A

artificial synthesis on a large scale

64
Q

who artificially synthesized urea first

A

a German chemist named Friedrich Wöhler in 1828.

65
Q

what did Wöhler represent

A

showed that an organic compound could be synthesized by two inorganic molecules

that a by product of life could be artificially synthesized in a laboratory

66
Q

what theory did wonder contradict

A

the theory of vitalism

67
Q

what does the theory of vitalism suggest

A

that organic compounds could only be synthesized by living organisms as they possessed an element that non-living things did not have

68
Q

what did the artificial synthesis help falsify

A

falsified the theory of vitalism whilst demonstrating that organic compounds can be synthesized without the need of a vital force

69
Q

how is urea formed

A

for the breakdown of amino acids in excess in the body

70
Q

what molecule is donated by the nitrogen pool to the urea cycle

A

NH3

71
Q

what molecule has a ratio of hydrogen and oxygen that is always greater than 2:1

A

lipids

Biology (51 decks)

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