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Biology > 1.2 > Flashcards

1.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

When did prokaryotes originate

A

around 3.5 billion years ago

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2
Q

Structure of prokaryotic cells

A 
Cytoplasm 
70s ribosomes 
Plasma membrane 
Pili 
Flagella 
Plasmids
Nucleioid region
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3
Q

What is the role of the cell wall

A

to enclose the cell, protect and maintain shape

prevents bursting in hypotonic media

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4
Q

What is the whole of the plasma membrane

A

surrounds the cell and controls the movements of substances in and out of the cell

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5
Q

What is the role of the cytoplasm

A

medium that fills the cell

site of metabolic reactions

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6
Q

What is the role of the flagella

A

responsible for the locomotion of the organism

their whip like movement propels the cell along

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7
Q

What is the role of the Pili

A

protein filaments that help with cell adhesion and the transference of DNA

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8
Q

What is the role of the 70s ribosomes

A

the site of protein synthesis

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9
Q

What is the role of the nuclide region

A

controls all the activities of the cell and the reproduction of the organism

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10
Q

What is the role of plasmids

A

Small circles of DNA that carry a few genes often these genes give the cell antibiotic resistance and are used in creating genetically modified bacteria

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11
Q

What is the difference between 70 and 80s ribosomes

A

70s are smaller than 80s and are found in prokaryote cells

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12
Q

How do prokaryotes reproduce

A

by binary fission to produce genetically identical cells

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13
Q

What are the steps of binary fission

A

(asexual process)

  • the chromosome is replicated semi-conservatively, beginning at the point of origin
  • two copies of the DNA move to opposite ends of the cell
  • the cell elongates
  • the plasma membrane grows inward and pinches off to form two separate genetically identical cells
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14
Q

What is the DNA not associated with in prokaryotes

A

it is not associated with histones

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14
Q

What is the DNA not associated with in prokaryotes

A

it is not associated with histones

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15
Q

What is compartmentalisation

A

refers to the formation of compartments within the cell by membrane bound organelles

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16
Q

What are advantages of compartmentalisation

A
  • greater efficiency of metabolism as enzymes and substrates are enclosed, much more concentration
  • internal conditions such as pH can be differentiated in a cell to maintain the optimal conditions for different enzymes
  • isolation of toxic or damaging substances away from the cytoplasm, such as the storage of hydrolytic enzymes in lysosomes
  • flexibility of changing the numbers and position of organelles within the cell based on the cell’s requirements
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17
Q

Cellular structures of eukaryotic cells

A 
Plasma membrane 
Cytoplasm 
80s ribosomes
rough endoplasmic reticulum 
smooth endoplasmic reticulum 
goggles apparatus
vesicles
lysosomes (not in plant cells) 
mitochondria 
centrioles (not in plants) 
nucleus 
nucleolus
vacuoles 
chloroplast (not in animal cells)
Cell wall (not in animal cells)
18
Q

Role of plasma membrane

A

controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell

19
Q

Role of cytoplasm

A

medium that fills the cell

where are the enzymatic reactions occur

20
Q

role of mitochondria

A

site for cellular respiration, ATP is generated

21
Q

role of 80s ribosomes

A

site of protein synthesis

22
Q

role of nucleus

A

controls all the activities of the cell as well as the reproduction of unicellular organism

23
Q

role of the nucleolus

A

part of the nucleus which is involved in the production of ribosomes

24
Q

role of the SER

A

stores and produces lipids

25
Q

role of RER

A

transports protein to the Golgi apparatus

usually for use outside of the cell

26
Q

role of the Golgi apparatus

A

processes and packages proteins released in Golgi vesicles

27
Q

role of vesicle

A

small sac that transports and releases substances produced by the cell by fusing with the membrane

28
Q

role of lysosomes

A

contains hydrolytic enzymes and plays important role in the destruction of microbes engulfed by white blood cells

29
Q

role of centrioles

A

role in the process of nuclear division, helps establish microtubules

30
Q

role of vacuole

A

helps in the osmotic balance of the cell and the storage of substances , can at times have similar hydrolytic functions to lysosomes

31
Q

role of cell wall

A

protects the cell, maintains shape and prevents it from bursting in hypotonic media

32
Q

role of chloroplast

A

double membrane bound organelles, contain pigments and are responsible for photosynthesis

33
Q

what can replace the role of lysosomes in plants

A

vacuoles

34
Q

what is a free vesicle (protein)

A

vesicles that stay in the cell

35
Q

what is microscope resolution

A

the shortest distance between two separate points in a microscopic’s field of view that can still be distinguished as distinct objects

36
Q

what is an advantage of using a light microscope over an electron microscope

A

allows us to observe living specimen

37
Q

what organelle cannot be viewed with a standard light microscope

A

80s ribosomes

38
Q

Draw a labeled diagram to show the ultrastructure of Escherichia coli. 6 marks

A 
cell wall 
slime capsule 
cell membrane 
cytoplasm 
nucleoid 
flagellum 
pilli 
plasmids
70s ribosomes
39
Q

State one function of each of the following organelles: lysosome, Golgi apparatus, rough endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, mitochondrion. 5 marks

A

lysosome - contains hydrolytic enzymes to break down harmful substances
Golgi apparatus I the processing and packaging of proteins
RER - transports proteins and the site of synthesis
nucleus - controls activity, and contains genetic material
mitochondria - site of cellular respiration ATP generated

40
Q

Distinguish between the structure of plant and animal cells. 6 marks

A

Plants:

store starch 
chloroplast, animals do not 
central vacuole, animals do not 
cell wall, animals do not 
fixed more regular shape

Animals:

store glycogen
centrioles, plants to not
more rounded shape

41
Q

what is the cell wall made up of in prokaryotes

A

peptidoglycan

42
Q

how does the flagella differ in eukaryotes and in prokaryotes

A

eukaryotes flagella is flexible and it is solid in prokaryotes

Biology (51 decks)

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