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Biology > 5.1 > Flashcards

5.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

when does evolution occur?

A

when heritable characteristics of a species change over time, they are often in the form of alleles on the chromosomes.

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2
Q

what do fossil records provide

A

a record of physical change in certain species over time, but may also provide evidence of behavioral changes

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3
Q

What forms do fossils come under

A

molds, imprints, casts and even preserved organisms or parts of organisms

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4
Q

what are trace fossils

A

include footprints, faces or burrows and give n indication of the behavioural change of an organism

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5
Q

where do fossils typically form in

A

sedimentary rocks such as limestone and shale

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6
Q

what are layers of sedimentary rocks called

A

strata

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7
Q

why is the fossil record incomplete

A

because only hard parts of the organisms can e preserved and only usually fragments remain and we do not have evidence of change in every generation of a species and there are many missing likes.

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8
Q

what are transitional fossils

A

these display common characteristics between ancestral groups showing evidence for macroevolution. One important transitional fossil first bound in 1860 was of the Archaeopteryx.

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9
Q

what is macroevolution

A

occurs on a large scale leading to the development of new species

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10
Q

what are heritable characteristics

A

characteristics that an organism possesses due to its genetic make-u. These characteristics can be inherited by the organism’s offspring

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11
Q

what is a good documented example of evolution

A

the horse. it shows cumulative changes and the development of their traits.

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12
Q

what is the basis for most evolution

A

natural selection

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13
Q

What is natural selection

A

occurs when species have variation and certain traits are selected because they help the species to reach a productive age and pass on their genes.

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14
Q

what is selective breeding

A

a form of artificial selection in which organisms with certain characteristics are chosen by humans because they are of some benefit. These organisms are bred to produce offspring that have the same genes and therefore the same characteristics.

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15
Q

how does artificial selection happen

A

only through human intervention

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16
Q

what is a breed

A

a group of animals with a species that have specific and similar characteristics

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17
Q

examples of selective breeding are

A

breeding race horses for speed

egg-laying hens to lay lots of eggs

cattle for increased milk production

plants to produce better fruits

dogs for hunting or herding or physical features

18
Q

what is microevolution

A

occurs on a small scale within a species

19
Q

selective breeding shows evidence of evolution because

A

there are changes within a species that can be seen due to genetic selection

20
Q

what does homologous mean

A

being similar in position, structure, and evolutionary origin but not necessarily in function

21
Q

what is a pentadactyl limb

A

a limb with five digits found in amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals

22
Q

what is a pentadactyl limb an example of

A

divergent evolution

23
Q

what is divergent evolution

A

when two separate species have a similar structure but use it in different ways because of their environment

24
Q

how does divergent evolution take place

A

from adaptive radiation

25
Q

What is adaptive radiation

A

a process in which organisms rapidly diverge from the form of the original species into several new forms specialized to make use of different environmental niches. This can lead to divergent evolution and the development of a new species.

26
Q

how do each animal adapt their pentadactyl limb

A 
bat - flying 
dolphin - swimming 
mole - digging 
horse - running 
human - grasping 
monkey - grasping
27
Q

what is analogous

A

performing a similar function but having different evolutionary origin such as the wings of insects and birds

28
Q

What is convergent evolution

A

when organisms are not closely related evolve similar structures that are used for similar purposes often because of their habitats or diets are similar. This is the case in tails and fins.

29
Q

an example of convergent evolution

A

white fur in animals in the arctic ecosystem, not have a common ancestor

30
Q

what is speciation

A

the process by which new species form

31
Q

what is the key to speciation

A

genetic variation - may be discontinuous (distinct categories of gene variations) and why are not affected by the environment

32
Q

What is discontinuous variation

A

a type of variation that is influenced by a gene or a few genes that can be put into categories and is not influenced by the environment

33
Q

what is continuous variation

A

a type of variation that is controlled by many genes and has a wide range of variability and is easily influenced by the environment

34
Q

an example of discontinuous variation

A

human blood type

35
Q

what are the most common types of variations

A

continuous, meaning there is a wide range of characteristics for each trait.

36
Q

an example of continuous variation

A

human height and can be influenced by the environment

37
Q

how can evolution affect species

A

populations of a species can gradually diverge into separate species by evolution

38
Q

what do Galapagos finches show

A

continuous variation across their geographical range, beak sizes get bigger gradually, supports gradual divergence

39
Q

what is industrial melanism

A

a change in the melanin producing allele frequency from light to dark due to environmental changes brought on by industry pollution

40
Q

what is transient polymorphism

A

the gradual change in the allele frequency fo a population due to the slow replacement of one gene of another

41
Q

what is balanced polymorphism

A

a balance between both forms of the allele variations within a population

Biology (51 decks)

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