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2.3 Flashcards

1
Q

what are three different types of classifications of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides

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2
Q

what are monosaccharides and disaccharides

A

both considered sugars which are polar and soluble in water

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3
Q

what are polysaccharids

A

macromolecules resulting from the polymerization of sugars and are not soluble in water

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4
Q

what are the simplest types of carbs

A

monosaccharides

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5
Q

what is the number of carbon atoms in monosaccharides

A

3 to 7 and are joined by a hydroxyl group

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6
Q

what are examples of monosaccharides

A

glucose, fructose, ribose and galactose

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7
Q

what do two monosaccharides form

A

through a condensation reaction, they form a glycosidic bond producing a disaccharide releasing a water molecule.

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8
Q

what is a condensation reaction

A

the reaction in which two smaller organic molecules combine to form a larger molecule and a molecule of water or some other simple molecule.

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9
Q

what are the two ways glucose can exist

A

in D glucose and in Glucose

they are isomers of each other, same chemical formula but a slightly different arrangement of the atoms

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10
Q

what are the two forms of the D glucose

A

alpha d glucose and the beta d glucose

they differ in the placement of the OH group on carbon q1

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11
Q

what are types of polysaccharides

A

cellulose, glycogen and starch

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12
Q

what are exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans made up of

A

chitin

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13
Q

what is glycogen

A

a storage substance in animals and fungi

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14
Q

what is starch used for

A

plants store it in their roots and stems

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15
Q

what is an example of a disaccharide

A

sucrose and maltose and lactose

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16
Q

what is sucrose made up of

A

glucose and fructose

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17
Q

what is maltose made up of

A

two glucose monomers

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18
Q

what is lactose made up of

A

glucose and galactose

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19
Q

what is starch glycogen and cellulose made of

A

glucose

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20
Q

what polysaccharids make up starch

A

amylose and amylopectin

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21
Q

what is starch used for in plants

A

to store energy

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22
Q

what stores energy in animals

A

glycogen

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23
Q

what can polysaccharids be used for other than for storing energy

A

used as a structural component such as cellulose

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24
Q

what does cellulose do in plant cell walls

A

provides extra strength and protects the cell from over-expending and bursting as well as storing enough energy to be a source for biofuels

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25
how do starch and cellulose differ
they differ in the arrangement of glucose molecules and position of the glycosidic bonds
26
how are glucose monomers oriented in starch and cellulose
in starch, they are all oriented in the same direction whereas in cellulose, molecules are made of glucose monomers that rotate 180 degrees around the backbone chain
27
what is the arrangement of glucose like in starch
linear - amylose branched - amylopectin
28
what glycosidic bonds are present in glycogen
alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond occasionally 1-6 glycosidic bonds which provides branching points
29
how is the structure of starch, cellulose and glycogen stabilized
due to the hydrogen bonds between glucose subunits
30
what forms of carbs are polar
monosaccharides and disaccharides
31
what is an example of a source of monosaccharide
galactose is a sugar in milk fructose is a sugar in fruits and honey
32
what is an example of a source of disaccharide
maltose is found in grains lactose is found in mammalian milk sucrose is found in sugar cane
33
what is an example of a source of polysaccharides
cellulose is the structural component of plant cell walls starch forms energy stores in plants glycogen is the storage form of carbohydrate found in animals in the liver and muscles
34
what gives starch its stickiness
amylopectin - useful for food, paper, lubricants for paste and glue
35
how much content does amylopectin make up in potatoes
80%
36
what are lipids
mostly hydrophobic or water -repellent, insoluble in water, but soluble in organic solvents mainly consist of carbon, hydrogenated oxygen
37
how are triglycerides formed
by condensation reactions between one glycerol and three fatty acids creating Esther bonds
38
what bonds are created between lipid monomers
ester bonds
39
what is a triglyceride made of
three fatty acids and a glycerol molecule
40
what are the two main types of triglycerides
fats and oils
41
what are fatty acids
carboxylic acids that possess a -COOH (carboxyl functional group attached to the head of a long hydrocarbon chain
42
what are the two forms of fatty acids
unsaturated and saturated
43
what is a saturated fatty acid
no double bonds between any of the carbon atoms that make up the hydrocarbon chain
44
what are unsaturated fatty acids
can be monounsaturated - just one double bond polyunsaturated - two or more double bonds
45
what are the two types fo unsaturated fatty acids
cis or trans isomers
46
what are cis fats
H atoms are on the same side
47
trans fat
a H atom on the opposite side
48
key features of cis-isomers
commonly occur in nature such as oleic acid in olive oil two hydrogen atoms attach same side they have lower melting points, usually liquids at room temperature
49
key features of trans-isomers
produced artificially when lipids formed by polyunsaturated fatty acids rom plants are partially hydrogenated chemically more solid like saturated fats hydrogen on opposite sides of two carbon atoms higher melting points, promote bad cholesterol
50
what fat promotes bad cholesterol
unsaturated trans fat
51
what fat prompts good cholesterol
cis unsaturated fats
52
examples of saturated fats
butter
53
what are cis unsaturated fats examples
olive oil
54
unsaturated trans examples
margarine
55
what are steroids
lipids but they do not have similar structure, they are hydrophobic and insoluble
56
what are examples of steroids
cholesterol and sexual hormones
57
compare the energy of storage of lipids and carbs
carbs 17 KJ/g lipids 37 KJ/g
58
what are the advantages of lipids
they have a higher energy content and can act as thermal insulators
59
why are lipids very useful in nature
whales increase their blubber (fat) layer to a thickness of more than 30 cm. in the cold, this helps them insulate the whales agains the colder temperatures
60
key facts why lipids are better for long term storage
a gram of lipid gives twice the emoting of energy as a gram of glycogen each gram of glycogen stored is usually associated with 2g of water while lipids are stored in pure form this and the higher energy content of lipids means that lipids contribute to only a sixth as much to a body mass as carbohydrates per unit of energy stored, therefore using lipids as a long term storage molecule means that animals have a lighter body mass which is essential for their mobility
61
where is glycogen stored in animals
liver and muscles, it is easy to break down compared to lipids
62
why Is glucose useful
it can be rapidly transported around the body for use in cellular respiration, thus, energy stored in glycogen is more accessible than the energy stored in fat
63
density of lipids
less dense than water, it floats
64
solubility of lipids
non polar - will dissolve other non-polar compounds but does not affect the movement of water
65
insulation of lipids
excellent heat insulation - whale blubber
66
waterproof of lipids
water insoluble, provide a waterproof layer in plants and animals
67
what are the two types of fat that are generally considered unhealthy
trans fats and rich saturated fatty acids
68
how are trans fats produced
by the hydrogenation of vegetable oils by adding hydrogen to unsaturated fats under pressure this increases the spreadability and extends the shelf life
69
what disease are trans fats and saturated fats correlated to
CHD - coronary heart disease it is said to contribute to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in arteries, which in turn lead to a heart attack.
70
what is a myocardial infarction
a heart attack
71
what evidence supports the correlation of CHD and high trans fats
they found in patients who died from CHD that they had high concentrations of trans fats present in fatty deposits in diseased arteries
72
what health risks may be caused by excessive intake of fats
obesity, CHD and cancer
73
what is body mass index
BMI is a measure of body fat based on height and weight
74
how is BMI calculated
weight (kg)/ height^2 (m)
75
what is a normal weight on the BMI scale
18.5 - 24.9
76
what is coronary heart disease
CHD is the most prevalent degenerative disease worldwide. It is largely linked to genetic and lifestyle factors
77
what chains is cellulose composed of
unbranched chains of beta glucose
78
what are starch and glycogen made of
branched alpha glucose
79
how do cellulose and starch/glycogen differ
cellulose - unbranded beta glucose starch/glycogen - branches alpha glucose
80
what disaccharide is made up of glucose and fructose
sucrose
81
how are trans isomers made
produced when polyunsaturated fatty acids for plants are partially hydrogenated chemically
82
how does glycogen derive from
Alpha D glucose
83
what is cellulose made of
long straight chains of beta-glucose molecules the long straight chains are joined by hydrogen bonds to provide stability and strength to the molecule
84
what is a triglyceride made up of
glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Biology (51 decks)

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