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Biology > 6.1 > Flashcards

6.1 Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the digestive system

A 
mouth 
salivary canal
osophagus 
stomach
pancreas
liver
bile duct
small intestine
large intestine
duodenum
gall bladder
rectum
anus 
pharynx
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2
Q

what is peristalsis

A

a wave of contraction and relaxation of the longitudinal and circular muscles of the alimentary canal by which the contents are forced along the tube

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3
Q

what happens when you eat something

A

in the mouth, you chew the food which is mechanically mixed with saliva. The saliva contains enzymes (amlyase) that start the digestion of starches. The saliva also moistens the mixture to help you swallow.

then the food mixture (bolus) enters the oesophagus (gullet) and moves by peristalsis

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4
Q

How do longitudinal and circular muscles work together

A

antagonistically, they work opposite with one another, when one contracts, the other relaxes.

the longitudinal muscle contracts to widen the lumen of the alimentary canal while the circular muscle contracts to constrict the lument

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5
Q

What happens when bolus enters the stomach

A

the food is churned with acid, becoming chyme.

the stomach acid kills the bacteria and starts the digestion of proteins

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6
Q

what happens to chyme after the stomach

A

it enters the small intestine, first the duodenum. the acid passing through the stomach needs to be neutralized so that the enzymes can function properly. the enzymes have an optimum pH of neutral to alkaline and some of them digest fats and lipid, others, further digest carbs. By the time the food reaches the end fo the small intestine, digestion has been completed ad the digested products have been absorbed from the last section the ileum.

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7
Q

what happens to the food after the small intestine

A

it enters the large intestine along with vitamins made by bacteria are reabsorbed the anaerobic bacteriaia in the law intestines can ferment undigested polysaccharides to produce energy. in the last part of the large intestine, faces is formed and store din the rectum prior to egestion

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8
Q

what other organs aid the digestive process

A

liver

gall bladder

pancreas

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9
Q

what does the pancreas secrete

A

amylase, lipase and protase

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10
Q

what does the liver secrete

A

bile to emulsify fats

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11
Q

what does the gall bladder store

A

bile

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12
Q

what are the tissue layers inside the small intestine

A

serosa - outer most layer (connective tissues)

longitudinal muscles
circular muscles

submucosa - connective tissue that supports the mucosa and that contains large veins and arteries which give rise to the capillary bed of the mucosa

mucosa - innermost layer forming the soft lining of the tube comprised of epithelium, connective tissue and smooth muscle

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13
Q

what digestive enzymes do acing cells secrete

A

amylase - starch into maltose
endopeptidase (trypsin) - protein to smaller polypeptides
lipases and phospholipase - breaks down lipids and phospholipids, glycerol and fatty acids

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14
Q

what is found in the pancreas

A

duct cells that transport the enzymes by the acing cells and secrete sodium hydrogen carbonate that neutralizes stomach acid

acing cells that secrete digestive enzymes

islets of langerhand (produce the hormones insulin and glucagon

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15
Q

what neutralizes stomach acid

A

sodium hydrogen carbonate transported by the duct cells in the pancrease

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16
Q

what do the islets in the pancreas do

A

produce hormones insulin and glucagon

17
Q

what enzymes complete digestion in the small intestine

A

nucleases - break down DNA and RNA

maltase - breaks down maltose into glucose

lactase - breaks down lactose into galactose and glucose

exopeptidase - removes a single amino acid from the end of the small polypeptides

dipeptidase - breaks down a dipeptide into the two amino acids

18
Q

what feature increases the absorption of food molecules in the small intestine

A

villi

19
Q

What happens when the circular and longitudinal muscles of the small intestine contract?

A

food is mixed with enzymes and moved along the gut

20
Q

where does the absorption of food molecules acc take place

A

in the small intestine,e across the epithelium.

21
Q

how is the surface area od small intestine increased

A

by villi

22
Q

what are vili

A

they are the location of absorption of all the monomers produced by the digestive processes in the small

23
Q

what is found in a villus

A

goblet cells on the outside

epithelium 
lamina propria 
nerve 
capillary network 
lacteal
venule
arteriole
lymphatic vessel
24
Q

where does absorption take place

A

on the epithelial cells

25
Q

what do goblet cells do

A

produce mucus

26
Q

absorption

A

is the taking in of digested food substances as well as minerals and vitamins from the lumen of the small intestine into the blood

27
Q

what does the capillary network and lacteal do in the villus

A

they absorb nutrients away from the intestine

28
Q

what is directly absorbed by the villi

A

bases and phosphates from nucleic acids

fatty acids and glycerol

amino acids

monomeric carbohydrates such as fructose, glucose, galactose and ribose

29
Q

where does absorption take place by means of diffusion

A

in the micivilli

30
Q

how are food molecules minerals and vitamins absorbed

A

by the blood or the lymph

31
Q

where are fats absorbed

A

in the lymph, which circulates in the lacteal at the centre of the villus

32
Q

What is the process of absorption from the lumen of the small intestine to the capillaries and lacteals of the villus

A

substances to be absorbed move from the lumen into the epithelial villi

amino acids and monosaccharides move from the villi into the capillaries and monoglycerides move into the lacteals

33
Q

What four modes of transport take place during absorption

A

simple diffusion - small and hydrophobic molecules - mostly lipids

facilities diffusion - fructose glucose and other hydrophilic monomers

active transport - requires App, glucsose or mineral ions

pinocytosis - small droplets fo liquids

34
Q

The absorption of fats differs from that of carbohydrates because:

A

most lipids have to enter the lymphatic system whereas carbohydrates enter directly into the blood

35
Q

Absorption of glucose in the small intestine occurs by:

A

facilitated diffusion and active transport

36
Q

what is a branched form of starch

A

amylopectin

has a-1,6 glycosidic bonds

cannot be broken down by amylase

37
Q

what is an unbranched form of starch

A

amylose

a-1,4 glycosidic bonds

Biology (51 decks)

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