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Biology > 2.2 > Flashcards

2.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does water consist of

A

two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom joined by covalent bonds

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2
Q

what charge is oxygen

A

is is more electronegative than hydrogen atoms meaning it has a greater pull on the electron cloud

meaning it has a slightly negative charge, leaving hyrogen atoms with a slightly positive charge

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3
Q

what charge is hydrogen

A

slightly positive

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4
Q

why does water have such important biological properties

A

because of its polarity

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5
Q

what is polarity

A

the property of being polar

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6
Q

why are water molecules polar

A

due to their dual nature, they have both positive and negative charges and act like small magnets

allowing for the formation of hydrogen bonds between water molecules; the partial positive hydrogen atoms of one molecule are attracted to the partial negative oxygen atoms of other water molecules.

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7
Q

what are hydrogen bonds

A

weak interactions between water molecules and are responsible for many important properties of water such as cohesion and adhesion

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8
Q

how are hydrogen and covalent bonds depicted

A

covalent bods - straight bold line

hydrogen bonds - dotted thin lines

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9
Q

what does the polarity of water allow them to do

A

allows them to attract other polar or charged compounds and form hydrogen bonds with them, meaning the most polar or charged compounds can be dissolves in waters such as sugars and salts

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10
Q

what are good examples of hydrophilic compounds

A

sugars and salts

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11
Q

what are non-polar substances examples

A

fats and oils

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12
Q

why do fats and oils not dissolve in water

A

there is no attraction between them, they repel each other because they are hydrophobic

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13
Q

what else has very strong hydrophobic properties

A

waxy cuticle on the lead, causing water to form droplets to minims contact between the lead and the water

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14
Q

a hydrophilic substance is one that is

A

soluble in water

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15
Q

what is cohesion

A

the tendency of water molecules to stick to each other due to the hydrogen bonding between them

each water molecule can potentially form four hydrogen bonds with other water molecules in a tetrahedral arrangement

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16
Q

what allows for high surface tension of water

A

the large amount of hydrogen bonds gives cohesive forces great strength, allowing stickiness of water, causing it to act as a strong elastic membrane, allowing small organisms that are denser than water to float on the water surface.

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17
Q

what is surface tension also responsible

A

for water droplets adopting a spherical shape, minimizing the ratio of area to volume

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18
Q

what is adhesion

A

this is the interaction that water molecules have with other different molecules (eg glass surfaces) which explains why water molecules stick to other polar compounds by forming hydrogen bonds

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19
Q

what do forces of adhesion result in

A

capillary action

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20
Q

what is capillary action

A

the movement of water molecules and all the things that are dissolved in it within thin spaces without relying on gravity

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21
Q

why is adhesion and capillary action important

A

allows for water to be transported up the stems of plants

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22
Q

what is the difference between cohesion and adhesion

A

cohesion is interaction among water molecules while adhesion is interacting between water molecules and a surrounding material or surface

23
Q

what are thermal properties

A

the hydrogen bonds that hold water molecules together are responsible for the unique thermal properties of water including the high specific heat capacity

24
Q

what is specific heat capacity

A

the amount of heat that must be absorbed or released for 1g of a substance to change its temperature by 1 degree celsius

25
Q

how are hydrogen bonds broken down in water

A

a high amount of energy is needed

26
Q

what does having a high specific heat capacity in water mean for the environment

A

this means that the temperature in aquatic ecosystems such as ponds, lakes and seas does not rapidly making these ecosystems stable

27
Q

what does it mean by water being a great coolant

A

a large amount of energy is needed to turn liquid water in water vapid

28
Q

what is a high latent heat of vaporization

A

the amount of heat 1g of a liquid absorbs to change its state from liquid to gaseous.

29
Q

what is an example of water being a coolant

A

when water in sweat evaporates on the surface of our skin and cools down its surface by taking away energy in the form of heat

30
Q

why is water a good solvent

A

water is considered a universal solvent which can dissolve ionic compounds as well as many polar compounds such as glucose

31
Q

benefits to living organisms of being cohesive

A
  • allows water to be pulled up from roots to the leaves

allows insects to walk on the surface of water

32
Q

benefits to living organisms of adhesive properties

A

capillary action generated by adhesive forces assists the pumping action of the heart to help move blood through blood vessels

adhesion of water molecules to the cell wall fo xylem vessels helps move water against gravity from the roots to the leaves

33
Q

benefits to living organisms of thermal properties

A

evaporation of sweat from body surfaces involves heat loss, which brings about a cooling effect

high specific capacity of water makes aquatic ecosystems more stable than terrestrial

34
Q

benefits to living organisms of solvent properties

A

water dissolves mineral ions in the soil transports it along the xylem vessels from the roots to all parts of the plant

water in blood plasma dissolves a range of solutes used for blood to transport nutrients and gases

35
Q

What causes water to have a relatively high specific heat capacity?

A

hydrogen bonds between hydrogen and oxygen of different water molecules

36
Q

what makes water an excellent coolant

A

water is dipolar, allowing strong cohesive forces between the molecules

37
Q

which molecules can be found in the blood

A 
glucose 
amino acids 
fats
cholesterol
oxygen 
sodium chloride
38
Q

how is glucose transported in the blood

A

polar molecule, soluble

blood-glucose concentration needs to be strictly maintained between certain levels because of its effect on osmotic potential

39
Q

how are amino acids found in the blood

A

both negatively and positive charged, most are soluble

solubility varies based on the size fo the R group

Amino acids with hydrophilic R group will be easily dissolved in water whereas if amino acids contain a hydrophobic R group, they will not be easily dissolved and will be transported in lower concentrations in the blood

40
Q

how are fats transported int he blood

A

non polar, insoluble, transported with lipoproteins

41
Q

what are lipoproteins

A

single layer of phospholipids with proteins embedded among the molecules surrounding the fat

42
Q

how is cholesterol transported in the blood

A

required for synthesis of molecules and in membranes. it travels with lipoproteins because it is hydrophobic

43
Q

how is oxygen transported in the blood

A

oxygen is non-polar, however, due to its small size it is soluble in water to a limited extent, transported with hemoglobin

44
Q

how is sodium chloride transported in the blood

A

ionic compound, in the form of Na+ and Cl- ions. easily dissolvable

45
Q

what materials are dissolved in the blood

A

amino acids, sodium chloride and carbon dioxide

46
Q

what would not be dissolved in water

A

starch

it has to be broken down into glucose

47
Q

what is the physical state at 20 degrees celsius of water and methane

A

water - liquid

methane - gaas

48
Q

what is the polarity of methane and water

A

water - polar

methane - non-polar

49
Q

what is the solvency of water and methane

A

water - excellent

methane - not a solvent

50
Q

what is the boiling temperature of water and methane

A

water - 100 degrees celcisu

methane - 161` degrees

51
Q

what is the melting point of water and methane

A

water = 0 degrees

methane - 182

52
Q

what is the specific heat capacity of water and methane

A

water - higher 4.2

methane - lower 2.2

53
Q

what is the latent heat of vaporization of water and methane

A

water higher

methane lower

54
Q

what is methane mostly released by

A

wetlands and ruminant emissions

Biology (51 decks)

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