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Biology > 2.9 > Flashcards

2.9 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is photosynthesis

A

the reaction of carbon dioxide and water and water using energy from light to produce carbohydrates (carbon compounds) and releasing oxygen as a waste product.

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2
Q

Where does photosynthesis take place

A

in chloroplasts

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3
Q

What are chloroplasts

A

tiny organelles in plant or algae cells where photons are captured

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4
Q

What is the wavelength of visible light

A

400 to 700 nanometres,

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5
Q

what si the shortest wavelength we can see

A

violet

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6
Q

what is the longest wavelength we can see

A

red

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7
Q

What pigments capture photons in chloroplast

A

chlorophyll a and b

xanthophyll and carotenoids

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8
Q

why does a plant appear green

A

because the chloroplast pigments capture photons and reflect green light whilst absorbing most of the other wavelengths in the visible light spectrum

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9
Q

What colour does xanthophyll reflect

A

yellow

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10
Q

what color does carotenoids reflect

A

orange

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11
Q

What is a chloroplast

A

the organelle in plants and algae that contains chlorophyll

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12
Q

What colors does chlorophyll absorb most effectively

A

blue and red

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13
Q

What is the action spectrum

A

shows the efficiency of photosynthesis or the rate of photosynthesis achieved over various wavelengths of light from the visible spectrum

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14
Q

What is the absorption spectrum

A

shows which wavelength of visible light is absorbed by a particular photosynthetic pigment such as chlorophyll a or b measure day a spectrometer

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15
Q

Draw an action spectrum

A

look online

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16
Q

draw an absorption spectrum

A

look online

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17
Q

What does the action spectrum record overall

A

the amount of photosynthesis at each wavelength

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18
Q

What is photolysis

A

the splitting of water by light

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19
Q

What energy is used to split water molecules

A

energy in photons

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20
Q

What does photolysis generates

A

hydrogen ions, electrons and oxygen

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21
Q

What is the equation of photolysis

A

2H20 + photons - 4e- + 4H+ + O2

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22
Q

What is released as a by product in photolysis

A

water

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23
Q

Where does the hydrogen and ATP go once being generated from photolysis

A

to the next stage

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24
Q

Where does the energy for photolysis come from

A

light energy absorbed by the chlorophyl from the sun

25
Q

Where does the oxygen we breathe come from

A

from water used in the photolysis reaction

26
Q

In which process of photoysnthesis is light directly involved

A

the splitting of water

27
Q

What are the products of photolysis

A

hydrogen ions and oxygen

28
Q

What does photosynthesis mean

A

making things from light

29
Q

What is the energy absorbed from light used for in photosynthesis

A

turns carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates and other carbon compounds

30
Q

What type of reaction is photosynthesis

A

an anabolic reaction in which small molecules (carbon dioxide and water) are joined together to form large molecules (sugars)

31
Q

What is the Calvin cycle

A

the light independent reactions, a cycle of chemical reactions where CO2 is assimilated to make sugars

32
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis written

A

Carbon dioxide + water - carbohydrates + oxygen

33
Q

What are the two stages of photosynthesis

A

light independent reaction - requires light and occurs on the thylakoids of chloroplasts

light independent reaction that has no light requirement and takes place in the storm of chloroplasdts

34
Q

Where does photolysis take place

A

light dependent in the thylakoids of chloroplasts

35
Q

where does carbon fixation produce carbs

A

in the light independent at the stroma of chloroplasts

36
Q

What are raw materials in photosynthesis

A

water and carbon dioxide

37
Q

What is needed in photosynthesis to convert carbon dioxide into organic molecules

A

ATP and hydrogen from the splitting of water

38
Q

What is a limiting factor

A

a factor that restricts the rate of a reaction when present in a low amount

39
Q

What are limiting factors of photosynthesis

A

light, carbon dioxide, temperature,

40
Q

Why is light a limiting factor fo photosynthesis

A

as sun goes up, rate of photosynthesis increases, but at its peak, the chemical reactions of photosynthesis cannot of any faster so any further increase in light does nor increase the rate, results in a plateau

draw the diagram

41
Q

What is rate of uptake when looking at light intensity as the limiting factor

A

uptake of Co2

42
Q

How is carbon dioxide also a limiting rate of photosynthesis

A

once all the active sites fo the enzymes are occupied, any further increase in carbon dioxide concentration will not increase the rate

graph levels off

draw the diagram

43
Q

How is temperature a limiting factor

A

optimum temperatures, goes up and then it denatures

it has a max temp

draw graph

44
Q

when did photosynthetic organisms appear

A

around 2700 million years ago

45
Q

when did eukaryotes appear

A

around 2100 million years ago

46
Q

What organisms contributed to the rise in oxygen concentration during the first 2 billion years of the Earth’s existence?

A

Cyanobacteria

47
Q

Name the process that accounts for the oxygen in the Earth’s atmosphere, oceans and rock depositions over the past 2 billion years.

A

photosynthesis

48
Q

What is chromatography

A

a technique used to separate mixtures of substances based on the movement of the different substances on a piece of paper by capillary action

49
Q

What phases take place in chromatography

A

the mobile phase ( solvent used to develop the chromatogram) and the stationary phase (the paper)

50
Q

What is the Rf

A

the distance traveld by the sample/ the distance travelled by the solvent

51
Q

What is a retention factor

A

allows us to see the distance moved by a pigment in comparison to the solvent

52
Q

What is thin layer chromatography

A

uses the sample principle as paper chromatography, the stationary phase is usually silica gel, aluminum oxide or cellulose instead od paper

53
Q

What is the benefit of thin layer chromatography

A

gives a better results as well defined and well separated spots are obtained

54
Q

What substance can be used to dissolve pigments in paper chromatography

A

ethanol

55
Q

The energy absorbed by chlorophyll is used directly for what in plants?

A

to split water and produce ATP

56
Q

Why is the action spectrum for photosynthesis similar to the absorption spectra of photosynthetic pigments?

A

Only wavelengths of light absorbed by pigments can be used in photosynthesis.

57
Q

What is the function of the acetone used in paper chromatography to separate photosynthetic pigments?

A

It dissolves pigments, allowing them to travel up the paper strip.

58
Q

What is the difference between absorption spectrum and action spectrum for photosynthesis?

A

The action spectrum represents the rate of photosynthesis at each wavelength of light while the absorption spectrum shows the percentage of light absorbed at each wavelength.

59
Q

From which molecule(s) is oxygen released into the air as a product of photosynthesis?

A

water

Biology (51 decks)

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