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Biology > 3.2 > Flashcards

3.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is prokaryotic DNA referred to as Naked DNA

A

because it is not organized around associated histone proteins

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2
Q

Why are plasmids useful

A

they are much smaller circular DNA molecules that are easily exchanges between prokaryotes and may contain several genes

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3
Q

What can be said abut plasmid functions

A

It contains several genes related to one specific function like antibiotic resistance.

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4
Q

What is DNA wrapped around in eukaryotes

A

wrapped around globular histones

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5
Q

what does it mean if a molecule is basic

A

alkaline

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6
Q

what is a histone

A

a basic alkaline protein

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7
Q

What forms is DNA organized in during interphase

A

chromatin making it harder to see

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8
Q

Why is having DNA in chromatin useful

A

allows ~DNA transcribing enzymes to access the genes with the information they need to keep the cell functioning

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9
Q

What happens to the chromosomes in the first stages of mitosis and meiosis

A

the chromosomes condense to form highly organized X shaped structures visible with a light microscope

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10
Q

What are sister chromatids

A

identical copies of the chromosomes

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11
Q

What is the place where the two sister chromatid strands connect

A

the centromere

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12
Q

What does the supercoiled state of DNA allow for

A

the DNA to be separated without being tangled and torn

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13
Q

What are homologous chromosomes

A

they carry the same set of the genes in the same locations but there can be small differences between the nucleotide sequences of the same gene

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14
Q

What are different versions of the same gene called

A

alleles

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15
Q

How do alleles differ from each other

A

usually by only a f ew DNA base pairs

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16
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes is the human genome arranges into

A

23 pairs of chromosomes, 46 in total

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17
Q

what are sex chromosomes

A

one pair they determine the sex of the organism

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18
Q

What are the remaining 22 pairs of chromosomes called

A

autosomes

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19
Q

what are autosomes

A

chromosomes that do not influence sex determination

20
Q

Compare the genome size of humans to a virus that infects bacteria

A

Humans have a genome around 3200 million base pairs whereas T2 phage have around 0.18 million base pairs

21
Q

Compare the genome size of humans to E.coli

A

Humans have a genome around 3200 million base pairs whereas E.coli have around 5 million base pairs

22
Q

Compare the genome size of humans to a fruit fly

A

Humans have a genome around 3200 million base pairs whereas fruit fly would have 140 million base pairs

23
Q

Compare the genome size of humans to a Woodland plant

A

Humans have a genome around 3200 million base pairs whereas woodland plants have around 150 000 million base pairs

24
Q

What do haploid sperm and haploid egg fuse to form

A

a zygotę

25
Q

What do diploid nuclei have

A

pairs of homologous chromosomes

26
Q

What are chromosomes in a homologous pair referred to

A

a homologue

27
Q

What is a structure of two homologous called

A

a tetrad

28
Q

You should be able to compare the diploid chromosome numbers of Homo sapiens , Pan troglodytes , Canis familiaris , Oryza sativa , and Parascaris equorum .

A

Parascaris equorum (equine roundworm) 4

Oryza sativa (rice plant) 24

Homo sapiens (human) 46

Pan troglodytes (chimpanzee) 48

Cani s familiaris (domestic dog) 78

29
Q

What does a haploid nuclei posses

A

one chromosomes of each pair of homologs chromosomes

30
Q

What does a karyogran show

A

the chromosomes of an organism in homologs pairs of decreasing length

31
Q

What is a karyotype

A

a property of a cell, the number and type of chromosomes present in the nucleus.

32
Q

What can a karyogram be used for

A

to deduce the sex of an individual

to find missing or extra chromosomes and to detect other chromosomal mutations

33
Q

When does down syndrome occur

A

when there are three copies of chromosome 21 present

34
Q

When does non-disjunction occur

A

when there are three chromosomes for 21, indicating that non disjunction has occurred

35
Q

What is autoradiography

A

a technique that uses X ray film to visualize the two dimensional distribution of a radioactivey labelled substance

36
Q

Who published autoradiography

A

John Cairns

37
Q

What does Autoradiography do

A

measures the length of DNA molecules

38
Q

What did Cairns do

A

he produced images fo DNA molecules from Coli through autoradiography

39
Q

What method did Cairns follow

A

He produced thymidine labelled with radioactive hydrogen

then he grew coli bacteria in a medium containing the radioactive thymidine

then the e.coli cells replicated their DNA, they used the radioactive thymine to create radioactive DNA

he then lysed the cells to release the cell contents, including the intact bacterial DNA onto slides

Next, he covered the slides with photographic emulsion and stored them in the dark fro two months

during that period, high energy electrons emitted by the radioactive deca of 3H within the DNA caused the appearance of dark sports on the photographic emulsion.

the length of the DNA could then be measured.

40
Q

What creates the dark spots seen on the photographic emulsion in an autoradiograph?

A

high energy electrons released from the DNA itself

41
Q

Cairns used autoradiography as a technique to measure the length of:

A

DNA molecules

42
Q

What are the features of bacterial genetic material?

A

Bacterial genetic material is not associated with proteins, and consists of a DNA loop with a single copy of each gene.

43
Q

How many daughter cells are produced in meiosis

A

4

44
Q

What techniques was used by Cairns to measure the length of a DNA molecule?

A

autoradiography technique with radioactive isotopes

45
Q

What name is given to the exact position of a gene on a chromosome?

A

locus

Biology (51 decks)

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