8. Immune Protection

Question 1

What is passive immunisation?

Answer 1

Providing antibodies

Used to neutralise toxins and treat high-risk groups

Question 2

What sort of protection is given through passive immunisation?

Answer 2

Immediate

Short-lived

Question 3

Give an example of the use of passive immunisation

Answer 3

Palivizumab is given to prem neonates to prevent Respiratory Synctial Virus

Question 4

What is a natural form of passive immunity?

Answer 4

IgG across the placenta

IgA in breast milk

Question 5

What is active immunisation?

Answer 5

Results in adaptive immune response

Results in antibody secretion and memory T cells

Question 6

What is a live attenuated vaccine?

Answer 6

Weakened form of pathogen that must be able to replicate

Only need 1 dose

Question 7

Name 3 live attenuated vaccines

Answer 7

MMR
BCG
Rotavirus

Question 8

What is an inactivated vaccine?

Answer 8

Microbe is killed by heat, chemicals and irradiation

Creates a weaker immune response that needs more than one dose

Question 9

Give examples of inactivated vaccines

Answer 9

Pertussis
Polio
Hep A
Typhoid
Cholera
Rabies

Question 10

What are subunit vaccines?

Answer 10

Use of only the part of the pathogen which gives the immune response

Question 11

Name 2 vaccines that use the bacterial toxin as the subunit

Answer 11

Diphtheria

Tetanus

Question 12

Name 2 vaccines where the coat polysaccharides are used as the subunit

Answer 12

Neisseria meningitidis

Haemophilus influenzae

Question 13

What is a virus-like particle?

Answer 13

Protein shells that look like viruses but without genetic material
Create a strong B and T cell response

Question 14

Which vaccines use virus-like particles?

Answer 14

Hep B and HPV

Question 15

What are the functions of adjuvants?

Answer 15

Promote a strong innate response
Aid antigen presentation
Activate TLRs

Question 16

Give some examples of adjuvants

Answer 16

Dried inactivated mycobacteria
Viral DNA
Alum

Question 17

How are antibodies used as therapeutic agents?

Answer 17

Signalling inhibition in cancer
Checkpoint inhibitors
Block infection
Reduce cytokine signalling

Question 18

What reason is Anti-D Ig given?

Answer 18

Prevent haemolytic disease of newborn and autoimmune thrombocytopaenia

Question 19

What is the source of Anti-D Ig?

Answer 19

RhD- blood donors who were naturally immunised during pregnancy with a Rh+ foetus
or
RhD- males immunised with the RhD+ antigen

Question 20

What is anti-thrombocyte globulin used for?

Answer 20

Prevents organ rejection by reducing T cells

Question 21

What are the advantages of polyclonal antibodies?

Answer 21

Mixed response may give better immunity

Cheaper than monoclonal antibodies

Question 22

What are the limitations of polyclonal antibodies?

Answer 22

Possible risk of infection from pooled blood products

May cause inflammatory response

Question 23

How are monoclonal antibodies made?

Answer 23

Made from fusion of an antibody producing spleen cell and a myeloma cell from mice

Question 24

What is the mechanism of action of Basiliximab?

Answer 24

Anti-IL2 receptor antibody

Prevents cloning of T cells to protect organ transplants

Question 25

What is IVIg used to treat?

Answer 25

Prophylaxis or immunomodulator in auto immune or inflammatory diseases