8. Immune Protection Flashcards
What is passive immunisation?
Providing antibodies
Used to neutralise toxins and treat high-risk groups
What sort of protection is given through passive immunisation?
Immediate
Short-lived
Give an example of the use of passive immunisation
Palivizumab is given to prem neonates to prevent Respiratory Synctial Virus
What is a natural form of passive immunity?
IgG across the placenta
IgA in breast milk
What is active immunisation?
Results in adaptive immune response
Results in antibody secretion and memory T cells
What is a live attenuated vaccine?
Weakened form of pathogen that must be able to replicate
Only need 1 dose
Name 3 live attenuated vaccines
MMR
BCG
Rotavirus
What is an inactivated vaccine?
Microbe is killed by heat, chemicals and irradiation
Creates a weaker immune response that needs more than one dose
Give examples of inactivated vaccines
Pertussis Polio Hep A Typhoid Cholera Rabies
What are subunit vaccines?
Use of only the part of the pathogen which gives the immune response
Name 2 vaccines that use the bacterial toxin as the subunit
Diphtheria
Tetanus
Name 2 vaccines where the coat polysaccharides are used as the subunit
Neisseria meningitidis
Haemophilus influenzae
What is a virus-like particle?
Protein shells that look like viruses but without genetic material
Create a strong B and T cell response
Which vaccines use virus-like particles?
Hep B and HPV
What are the functions of adjuvants?
Promote a strong innate response
Aid antigen presentation
Activate TLRs
Give some examples of adjuvants
Dried inactivated mycobacteria
Viral DNA
Alum
How are antibodies used as therapeutic agents?
Signalling inhibition in cancer
Checkpoint inhibitors
Block infection
Reduce cytokine signalling
What reason is Anti-D Ig given?
Prevent haemolytic disease of newborn and autoimmune thrombocytopaenia
What is the source of Anti-D Ig?
RhD- blood donors who were naturally immunised during pregnancy with a Rh+ foetus
or
RhD- males immunised with the RhD+ antigen
What is anti-thrombocyte globulin used for?
Prevents organ rejection by reducing T cells
What are the advantages of polyclonal antibodies?
Mixed response may give better immunity
Cheaper than monoclonal antibodies
What are the limitations of polyclonal antibodies?
Possible risk of infection from pooled blood products
May cause inflammatory response
How are monoclonal antibodies made?
Made from fusion of an antibody producing spleen cell and a myeloma cell from mice
What is the mechanism of action of Basiliximab?
Anti-IL2 receptor antibody
Prevents cloning of T cells to protect organ transplants
What is IVIg used to treat?
Prophylaxis or immunomodulator in auto immune or inflammatory diseases
