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FIIS > 6. Response to Viral Infection > Flashcards

6. Response to Viral Infection Flashcards

1
Q

What are the stages in the response to viral infection?

A
  1. Type 1 interferon
  2. NK cells limit infection
  3. CD8+ cells directly kill target cells
  4. Th1 subset activated to drive the antibody response
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2
Q

What is the function of antibodies in the viral response?

A

Neutralise the virus so it doesn’t enter host cells

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3
Q

How are viruses recognised?

A

PRRs on alveolar macrophages, DCs and epithelial cells

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4
Q

Which receptors recognise capsid proteins?

A

TLR2, 4, 6

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5
Q

What does TRL 3 recognise?

A

RNA

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6
Q

What are the cytoplasmic RNA receptors?

A

RIG-1

MDA-5

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7
Q

Which cytokine is produced in a viral infection?

A

Type 1 interferons

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8
Q

What are the functions of type 1 interferons?

A

Signal to neighbouring cells to create an antiviral state
Signal to infected cells to undergo apoptosis
Activates immune cells
Increase MHC-1 expression

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9
Q

How do type 1 interferons create an antiviral state?

A

Signal to neighbouring cells to destroy RNA and stop protein synthesis

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10
Q

What is the function of NK cells in viral infection?

A

Virus infected cells can decrease expression of MHC-1
When NKs come in contact with a cell with low MHC-1, they don’t receive an inhibitory signal and immediately kill the cell

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11
Q

What do NKs release?

A

IFN-gamma

Causes Th1 response and CD8 activity

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12
Q

Which antibodies are released in response to a viral infection?

A

IgG and IgA

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13
Q

How do viruses evade the immune response?

A

Inactivation of PRRs, reduce IFN and cytokines
Genetic variation
Down regulate MHC-1

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14
Q

How does EBV evade the immune response?

A

Inhibits antigen processing

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15
Q

How does HSV evade the immune response?

A

Prevents peptide generation and transport

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16
Q

How does HIV evade the immune response?

A

Kills CD4+

17
Q

What is antigenic drift?

A

Subtle changes in surface antigens means memory antibodies no longer work

18
Q

What is antigenic shift?

A

Major changes in viral antigens result in a new virus being created
This sometimes happens by genetic recombination by co-infection

19
Q

Name 2 intracellular bacteria?

A

TB

Listeria

20
Q

What type of cell do intracellular bacteria normally infect?

A

Phagocytes

21
Q

How does TB evade the immune response?

A

Prevents the fusion of the phagosome and lysosome

22
Q

What do macrophages produce to activate Th1?

A

IL-1
TNF
IL-12

23
Q

What are the functions of interferon gamma in an intracellular bacterial infection?

A

Increase costimulatory molecules on the macrophage (CD80, 86, 40)
Improve MHC-1, 2 and antigen presentation
Increase production of NO and ROS

24
Q

Describe granuloma formation

A

Infection is sealed off by a wall of Th1

Centre can become hypoxic and undergo necrosis

FIIS (24 decks)

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