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FIIS > 2. Innate Immunity > Flashcards

2. Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

How is the innate immune system activated?

A

Tissue injury

Microbes breeching a barrier

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2
Q

Name 3 receptors that initiate the innate immune response

A

Toll-like receptors
RIG-1 type
NOD-like receptor

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3
Q

Name a receptor that can induce phagocytosis

A

Dectin-1

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4
Q

Describe the process of phagocytosis

A

Microbes bind to receptors on neutrophils and macrophages
Engulfed into phagosome
Phagosome fuses with the lysosome

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5
Q

What substances are used to kill microbes in phagocytosis?

A

NO
Reactive Oxygen Species
Lysosomal proteases

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6
Q

What is chronic granulomatous disease?

A

X-linked disease

Defect in NADPH oxidase results in dysfunctional phagocytosis

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7
Q

What does chronic granulomatous disease result in?

A

Frequent bacterial and fungal infections

Formation of granulomas

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8
Q

How is chronic granulomatous disease diagnosed?

A

DHR assay

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9
Q

What is the function of NADPH oxidase?

A

Produces reactive oxygen species

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10
Q

What mediators do macrophages release when they detect a microbe?

A

IL-1
TNF
IL-8

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11
Q

What result does the release of IL-1 and TNF have?

A

Causes endothelial cells to express selectin which results in rolling adhesion

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12
Q

What result does the release of IL-8 have?

A

Stimulates integrin on leukocyte, causes tight adhesion

Acts as a chemoattractant to guide leukocytes to the site of the infection

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13
Q

What are the functions of cytokines?

A
  1. Danger signal causing WBCs to be drawn out of the blood towards the site of damage
  2. Autocrine and paracrine to increase cytokine production
  3. Causes endothelial cells to increase adhesion molecules
  4. Increase permeability
  5. Causes fever
  6. Acute phase protein production by liver
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14
Q

What cells release chemokines?

A

Damaged and immune cells

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15
Q

What are the functions of chemokines?

A

Chemoattractant

Increase expression of adhesion molecules on immune cells

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16
Q

What are the classes of lipids involved in innate immunity?

A

Prostaglandins
Leukotrienes
PAF

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17
Q

What cells produce prostaglandins?

A

Endothelial cells

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18
Q

What are the functions of prostaglandins and leukotrienes?

A

Vasodilators and constrictors

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19
Q

What cells produce leukotrienes?

A

Immune cells

20
Q

What cells produce PAF?

A

Endothelial and immune cells

21
Q

What is the function of PAF?

A

Increase permeability

22
Q

What processes lead to the resolution of acute inflammation?

A

Short life of neutrophils and inflammatory mediators
Macrophages become anti-inflammatory
Inhibitory cytokines limit inflammation
Growth factors act on fibroblasts to increase repair
Production of anti-inflammatory lipoxins, resolving and protectins

23
Q

Name 2 inhibitory cytokines

A

IL-10

TGF-b

24
Q

Name a growth factor which acts on fibroblasts

A

FGF

25
Q

What cells are antigen presenters

A

Dendritic cells
Macrophages
B cell

26
Q

What cells express MHC-II?

A

APCs

27
Q

Where does MHC-II start?

A

ER
Transported to the endoscope after phagocytosis
Combines with antigen peptides and moves to the cell surface

28
Q

What type of T cell interacts with MHC-II?

A

CD4+

29
Q

What cells express MHC-I?

A

All nucleated cells

30
Q

What type of T cells interact with MHC-I?

A

CD8+

31
Q

What type of antigens is MHC-I used for?

A

Self-peptides
Cancer
Viruses
Intracellular bacteria

32
Q

What type of antigens is MHC-II used for?

A

Extracellular pathogens

33
Q

What factor can cause a NK cell to increase killing?

A

A reduction in MHC-I levels

34
Q

What do NK cells use to kill cells?

A

Granzyme

Perforin

35
Q

Where are the genes for the MHC found?

A

Chromosome 8

36
Q

What are the variable MHC genes for class 1?

A

HLA-A, B or C

37
Q

What are the variable MHC genes for class 2?

A

HLA-DP, DQ or DR

38
Q

What are the functions of the complement system?

A
  1. c3a and c5a promote inflammation
  2. c3b promotes opsonisation and phagocytosis
  3. c6-9 form the membrane attack complex
39
Q

What are the 3 complement pathways?

A

Classic
Alternative
Lectin

40
Q

How does the complement cascade promote inflammation?

A

Chemoattractants for neutrophils and monocytes
Stimulate release of inflammatory mediators
Increase vasodilation and permeability

41
Q

How does the complement cascade increase opsonisation and phagocytosis?

A

c3b deposited on surface of microbes

Recognised by Complement Receptor of phagocytes

42
Q

Which bacteria is MAC especially effective in?

A

Neisseria

43
Q

What does a c3 deficiency result in?

A

Frequent pyogenic infections

More severe in adults

44
Q

What does a C2-4 deficiency result in?

A

Autoimmune diseases eg. SLE

45
Q

What does a C5-9 deficiency result in?

A

Recurrent neisseria infections

46
Q

What does a c1 inhibitor deficiency result in?

A

inability to switch off inflammation

Heriditary angioedema

FIIS (24 decks)

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