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FIIS > 4. B cells > Flashcards

4. B cells Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between b cells and t cells?

A

B cells can recognise antigens in any biological form

Don’t need to communicate with another cell to be active

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2
Q

What stage of B cell development does gene to make a pre-BCR rearrangement occur?

A

Pre-B cell

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3
Q

What feature of development does the B cell go through while it is an immature B cell?

A

Gene rearrangement to replace surrogate light chains

Now has an Igm receptor

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4
Q

What receptors are present on a mature B cell?

A

IgM and IgD

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5
Q

What type of bond attaches the chains of an IgM receptor?

A

Disulphide

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6
Q

Where are the genes for the heavy chain of the IgM located?

A

IgH locus on chromosome 14

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7
Q

Which C region is essential to make an IgM BCR?

A

Cμ

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8
Q

What allows variation within the V region of the IgM receptor?

A

Random recombination of VDJ segments

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9
Q

What regions code for the light chain of IgM receptors?

A

Igκ on chromosome 2

or IgI on chromosome 22

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10
Q

What is positive selection?

A

Expression of a complete BCR

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11
Q

What is negative selection?

A

Discarded if bind to self-antigen too strongly

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12
Q

Why are checkpoints not as stringent for B cells as T cells?

A

B cells have a much shorter lifespan

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13
Q

Describe what happens when an antigen binds to the BCR

A

Triggers phagocytosis
Present antigen on MHC-II
Upregulation of CD40 (co-stim receptor) and cytokine receptors

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14
Q

What happens between Antigen binding to a BCR and activation of the B cell?

A

B and T cells for the specific antigen meet in the lymph node

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15
Q

How do helper T cells activate B cells?

A

Activated Th cells recognise antigen presented
T cell increases costimulatory molecules which bind to CD40 on B cells
Release cytokines to cause proliferation and differentiation of B cells

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16
Q

What causes isotype switching?

A

CD40-CD40L interaction and cytokines released by the Th cells

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17
Q

What is affinity maturation?

A

Affinity of antibodies produced in response to an antigen increase with prolonged or repeat exposure

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18
Q

What is an epitope?

A

Any biological molecule

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19
Q

What is the first antibody made by B cells?

A

IgM

20
Q

What are the functions of Ig?

A

Activate complement

Clump microbes for elimination

21
Q

What is the most common antibody?

A

IgG

22
Q

What are the functions of IgG?

A

Neutralisation
Agglutination
Opsonisation
Complement activation

23
Q

What antibody can cross the placenta?

A

IgG

Has implications in grave’s disease

24
Q

What are the roles of IgE?

A

Fight helminth disease and cause allergic reactions

25
Q

What receptors does IgE bind to on eosinophils?

A

FcεR

26
Q

What receptors does IgE bind to during an allergic reaction?

A

Fc receptors on basophils and mast cells

27
Q

What role does IgA play in immunity?

A

Mucosal immunity

28
Q

Where is IgA produced?

A

Mucosal lymphoid tissues

29
Q

How is IgA transported across epithelia?

A

poly-Ig receptors

30
Q

Which antibody is acquired through breastmilk?

A

IgA

31
Q

What vaccine stimulates IgA immunity?

A

Oral poliovirus vaccine

32
Q

What is the least common antibody?

A

IgD

33
Q

What is the role of IgD?

A

Bind to mast cells and basophils to cause the production of anti-microbial peptides

34
Q

What are the regions on an antibody?

A

Antigen binding site
Complement binding site
Fc portion

35
Q

What are the functions of antibodies?

A 
Neutralisation
Opsonisation and phagocytosis
Complement activation
Antibody-dependent cellular toxicity
Eosinophil/mast-cell mediated reactions
36
Q

What is neutralisation?

A

Antibody binds to microbes and toxins and stops them from entering cells

37
Q

What receptor is IgG recognised by?

A

FcyR1 on neutrophils, macrophages and DCs

Which increases phagocytosis

38
Q

What binds to the complement binding site on an antibody?

A

C1q

39
Q

What is antibody related cellular toxicity?

A

NKs bind to antibody coated cells and destroy them

40
Q

What receptor on NK cells binds to IgG?

A

FcyRIII

41
Q

What is CVID?

A

Common Variable Immune Deficiency

Lack IgG, M and A

42
Q

What does CVID result in?

A

Infections of lungs and GIT from age 6

43
Q

How is CVID treated?

A

IV Ig

44
Q

What is selective IgA deficiency?

A

B cells fail to differentiate into IgA producing plasma cells
Have recurrent sinopulmonary infections

45
Q

What disease is selective IgA deficiency associated with?

A

Coeliac’s disease

46
Q

What is x-linked Agammaglobulinaemia?

A

Mutation in Bruton’s tyrosine kinase
B cells are absent
Recurrent bacterial infections starting from 3-6 months

FIIS (24 decks)

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