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FIIS > 14. Targeting Immune Disorders > Flashcards

14. Targeting Immune Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Name 3 stimulatory cytokines

A

IL-1
IL-2
TNF

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2
Q

Name 2 inhibitory cytokines

A

IL-3

IL-4

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3
Q

Name a class of cell adhesion molecules

A

Integrins

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4
Q

What is the role of ERVs in organ transplant?

A

Increases risk when transplanting an organ from a non-human animal
Virus is endogenous to that species, but can be incorporated into human DNA

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5
Q

What type of antigens are responsible for graft vs host disease?

A

Histocompatible

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6
Q

What part of the immune system is activated by xenografts from animals?

A

Complement

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7
Q

Name 3 classes of cytotoxic immunosuppressants

A

Alkylating agents
Folic acid analogues
Purine derivatives

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8
Q

Name an alkylating agent

A

Cyclophosphamide

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9
Q

What is cyclophosphamide activated to in the liver?

A

Phosphamide mustard

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10
Q

What immune reaction does cyclophosphamide cause?

A

Absolute leucopaenia

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11
Q

What effect does low dose cyclophosphamide have on the immune system?

A

Targets only B cells

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12
Q

What are the side effects of cyclophosphamide?

A

Alopecia

Nausea

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13
Q

Name an anti-folate

A

Methotrexate

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14
Q

What is the MOA of methotrexate?

A

Interferes with dihydrofolate reductase

Inhibits replication of B and T cells

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15
Q

What diseases is methotrexate used to treat?

A

RA

Psoriasis

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16
Q

Why is the low dose used to treat rheumatoid arthritis not effective in cancer?

A

At this dose it doesn’t affect DHF reductase

Instead it increases adenosine production which has anti-inflammatory effects

17
Q

What causes the side effects associated with methotrexate?

A

Lack of folic acid

Immune suppression

18
Q

Name an anti-cancer agent which is used to treat MS

A

Mitoxantrone

19
Q

What is the MOA of mitoxantrone?

A

Intercalates into DNA and inhibits topoisomerase 2

20
Q

Why is mitoxantrone used as a last resort treatment?

A

Cardiotoxicity

21
Q

Which antibiotics have immune suppressive effects?

A

Doxorubicin

Daunorubicin

22
Q

Which cells are inhibited by doxorubicin?

A

B cells more than T cells

Doesn’t inhibit macrophages or NKs

23
Q

Which cells are inhibited by Daunorubicin?

A

Macrophages

24
Q

What is the serious side effect of doxorubicin?

A

Cardiomyopathy

25
Q

Name a purine analogue used in immunosuppression

A

Azathioprine

26
Q

What is azathioprine metabolised to?

A

Mecaptopurine which inhibits DNA synthesis

27
Q

Which parts of the immune system are suppressed by azathioprine?

A

Both humoral and cellular
Inhibits phagocytes
Causes monocytopaenia
No effect on NKs

28
Q

What disease is azathioprine used to treat?

A

With prednisone to prevent organ transplant rejection

29
Q

Which drug targets guanine synthesis?

A

Mycophenolate mofetil

30
Q

What disease is mycophenolate mofetil used to treat?

A

Combined with calcineurin inhibitors to treat kidney transplant

31
Q

What is the MOA of leflunamide?

A

Inhibits enzyme for pyrimidine synthesis

Inhibits B and T cells

32
Q

What diseases is leflunomide used for?

A

RA

Active metabolite, terilunomide used in MS

33
Q

What is the MOA of cladribine?

A

Inhibits adenosine deaminase

34
Q

What disease is cladribine used to treat?

A

Hairy cell leukaemia

35
Q

What is the MOA of glucocorticoids?

A

Increase lipocortin production which inhibits phospholipase A2

36
Q

What effect do glucocorticoids have on immune mediators?

A

Reduce IL1, IL2, IFN, prostaglandins and leucotrienes

37
Q

What effect do glucocorticoids have on immune cells?

A

Reduced basophils, eosinophils, monocytes and lymphocytes

Increased neutrophils

38
Q

What adverse effect is associated with glucocorticoids?

A

Impairs carbohydrate metabolism

FIIS (24 decks)

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