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Small Animal Medicine 1 > 8. Cardiovascular > Flashcards

8. Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

Aim of the examination of the cardiovascular system:

A
  1. To decide whether the cardiovascular system could cause the observed clinical signs?
  2. To decide whether a symptomless animal has any cardiac disease?
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2
Q

Order of examination (cardiovascular)

A
  • History
  • General condition (impression)
  • Detailed examination of the cardiovascular system
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3
Q

Detailed examination of the cardiovascular system:

A

-Heart
- Blood vessels
• Arterial system
• Venous system
• Capillary system = mucous membranes
-Blood (mucous membranes, anaemia, polycytaemia, dehydration

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4
Q

What to look for in the history?

A 
fatigue
exercise intolerance
dyspnea,
tachypnea
ascites
syncope
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5
Q

Causes of dyspnea and/or tachypnea

A
  • Pulmonary edema (e.g. left sided heart failure)
  • Thoracic fluid accumulation (e.g. right sided heart failure, but in cats also due to left sided heart failure)
  • Anaemia
  • Respiratory disease, thoracic disease
  • Metabolic causes
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6
Q

Normal breath/min:

  • In clinic
  • At home
  • Sleeping at home
A

In clinic, at rest < 40/min
At home, at rest< 30/min
At home, sleeping< 25 /min

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7
Q

Can chronic cough without tachypnea and dyspnea be a cardiac disease?

A

Most probably not heart disease (excepts heart worm)

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8
Q

When can we see cough with piniksh foam?

A

In case of acute (fulminant) cardiac pulmonary edema animals may cough pinkish foam, emergency!!!!!!!!

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9
Q

Causes of Ascites:

A
  • Right sided heart failure (mostly dogs)
  • Hypoproteinaemia
  • Peritonitis
  • Neoplasma
  • Liver cirrhosis
  • Thrombosis
  • Bleeding, etc. etc.
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10
Q

What does subcutaneous oedema indicate?

A

-Usually not due to heart failure in small animals
• Rarely in some large dogs together with ascites
• Localized or unilateral oedema never caused by heart failure

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11
Q

What is cardiac cachexia?

A

Animals with chronic, severe heart disease loose weight, they are not obese

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12
Q

Further examinations of the cardiovascular system: (the most important once)

A
  • Thoracic radiography
  • Echocardiography
  • Electrocardiography (ECG)
  • Blood pressure measurement
  • Blood test (ANP, BNP, troponin, endothelin)
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13
Q

Further examinations of the cardiovascular system: (others)

A 
– Phonocardiography (PCG)
– Nonselective angiocardiography
– Cardiac catheterization
• intracardiac pressure measurement
• oxymetry
• selective angiocardiography
– Radionuclide imaging
– Serology (Lyme, ANA test, Dirofilaria, Trypanosome, etc.)
– (CT, MRI)
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14
Q

Physical examinations of a cardiac patient:

A
  • Inspection (heart, vessels)
  • Palpation (heart, vessels)
  • Percussion (heart)
  • Auscultation (heart)
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15
Q

What do you inspect in the cardiac region?

A

-Abnormalities of the thorax (injury, malformation)
- Heart beat (ictus cordis) = apex beat in the dog and cat
– location (dislocation)
– intensity = strength (increased or decreased)

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16
Q

What do you palpate in the cardiac region?

A

(Detection of pain in the cardiac area)

  • Location of the heart beat
  • Strength
  • Fremitus
17
Q

Where should the heart be localized?

A

over the edge of the sternum
left side: 3-6 ICS,
right side: 3-5 ICS

18
Q

what can dislocation of the cardiac beat be caused by?

A 
tumor
abscess
pneumothorax
diaphragmatic hernia,
malformation
19
Q

What can cause the strength (intensity) of the heart beat to increase?

A

exercise
cardiac hypertrophy,
dislocation

20
Q

What can cause the strength (intensity) of the heart beat to decrease?

A

heart disease,
pericardial/pleural fluid,
thickened chest wall

21
Q

Groups of fremitus?

A

endocardial, (pericardial, extrapericardial)

Endocardial = turbulent flow of the blood

22
Q

In small animals primary goal of percussion of the thorax is to detect:

A

– Fluid accumulation
– Space occupying lesions
– PTX

23
Q

Absolute dullness in dogs:

A

Left: 4-6 ICS
Right: 4-5 ICS

24
Q

Relative dullness in cats:

A

usually not or difficult to detect

25
Q

What can cause alternations of the area of cardiac dullness?

A
  • Enlargement of cardiac dullness = dullness in the lower part of the chest
  • cardiac enlargement
  • pericardial effusion
  • cardiac dislocation
  • False enlargement
  • Fluid accumulation
26
Q

cardiac enlargement can be caused by:

A

dilation, hypertrophy

27
Q

False enlargement can be caused by:

A

other organs, space occupying lesions (tumor, abscess, hernia)

Small Animal Medicine 1 (22 decks)

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