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Small Animal Medicine 1 > 1 - Examination methods > Flashcards

1 - Examination methods Flashcards

1
Q

What is central in the diagnostic process?

A

Clinical examination

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2
Q

What is the purpose of the clinical examination?

A

To detect:

-Clinically significant abnormalities of function and the body system involved

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3
Q

What is the purpose of the diagnosis?

A

To recommend specific treatment
To provide an accurate prognosis
To make recommendations for cost effective control
To prevent the same happening to a new group of animals.

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4
Q

what are the physical examination methods?

A
  • Inspection
  • palpation
  • auscultation
  • percussion
  • smelling
  • measuring
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5
Q

What are the additional clinical examinations?

A

Non-instrumental and instrumental

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6
Q

Give the non-instrumental additional clinical examinations:

A 
Aspiration
Biopsy
Centesis
Excision
Extirpation
Tubing
Catheter
Diagn.lapar.
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7
Q

Give an example of a centesis:

A

Urine, gallbladder - ultrasound sample (cholecytocentesis) or toracentesis

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8
Q

What is an extirpation examination?

A

you take away an organ or lymph node

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9
Q

Give an example of an aspiration, what do you check?

A

Fine needle aspiration, just cell vaccum.

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10
Q

Give examples of instrumental additional examiniations:

A 
X-ray
ECG
US
Endoscopy
CT
MR
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11
Q

Which samples can you use for a clinical laboratory examination:

A 
Blood
Urine
Rumen-content
Faeces
Liquor
Milk
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12
Q

Define symptoms

A

changes which are observed by the owner

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13
Q

define signs:

A

Abnormal findings during physical examination.

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14
Q

What is the Chief complaint?

A

The most significant symptom important for the diagnosis.

Others are only general complaints which dont lead to the direct diagnosis.

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15
Q

What type of clinical signs can we see?

A

Specific - Nonspecific
Permanent - Temporary
Main - Accessory

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16
Q

define syndrome:

A

special group of symptoms, together are highly specific for disease

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17
Q

Give some examples of nonspecific signs

A

anorexia, lethargy, diarrhea, vomitting

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18
Q

Give the principles of inspection

A
  • General (skin, posture, behaviour, gait,condition).
  • With the unaided eye, and with instruments.
  • Time and attention
  • Good illumination
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19
Q

Which instruments can we use in inspection?

A 
Opthalmoscope
Otoscope
Vaginoscope
Penlight
Radiography
Ultrasonography
Endoscope.
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20
Q

Give the principles of palpation

A

Direct - indirect
Outside - inside
Superficial - deep
Ballotation, undulation (tactile percussion)

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21
Q

When we palpate we look for alterations in:

A

Location, shape, size, borders, surface, consistency, structure, painfulness, movability, sorroundings, covered skin, temperature,color

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22
Q

When you do a ballotation in the rumen, which sound can you hear?

A

Splasjing sound

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23
Q

What are the terms of consistency?

A

Utrecht, budapest

24
Q

Explain utrecht:

A

Water in thin plastic bag, putty, soft rubber, hard rubber, stone

25
Q

Explain budapest:

A

Fluctuating, doughy, form (muscle-like), hard (cartilage-like or bone-like), glandular, emphysematous (crackling)

26
Q

Explain doughy:

A

pressure causes pitting which persist for a time as in edema

27
Q

Explain firm:

A

resistance to pressure is similar to that of normal liver

28
Q

Explain hard:

A

The structure has a bone-like consistency

29
Q

Explain fluctuating:

A

wave-like movement is produced in a structure by the application of pressure

30
Q

Explain emphysematous:

A

the structure is enlarged and puffy and yields on pressure, it produces a crepitating or crackling sound due to the presence of air or gas in the tissue.

31
Q

what are the general rules of auscultation?

A

-The animal should stand still, a certain examination order should be followed and silent circumstances.

32
Q

Define sound

A

combination of vibrations with different frequencies

33
Q

define noise

A

no special underlying relation among frequencies, no periodic character

34
Q

what is the goal of acoustic percussion?

A

To obtain information about the condition of the surrounding tissues (create sound waves, resonancy), borders, tissue density, detect lesions

35
Q

Give the surrounding tissues when checking the acoustic percussion?

A

Thorax
Paranasal sinuses
Abdominal cavity
SC emphysema

36
Q

Percussion:

Give the direct and indirect method

A

Direct - finger to finger

Indirect - plessimeter and percussion hammer.

37
Q

What are the components of percussion sounds? (marek)

A
  1. cracling sound of tapping hammer or plessimeter.
  2. Sound of the thoracic wall or wall of any organ.
  3. Resonant sound of gas contatining tissue (lung) or other organ filled.
38
Q

Main characteristics of percussion sound : all the parameters:

A

Pitch/frequency,
Volume/loudness,
tone/resonance,
duration

39
Q

Main characteristics of percussion sound :

Iitch/frequency number of vibration/min:

A

High - low

40
Q

Main characteristics of percussion sound :

Tone/resonance homogenous/non-homogenous

A

sonorous/resonant - damped

41
Q

Main characteristics of percussion sound :

Duration

A

short - long

42
Q

Main characteristics of percussion sound :

Volume/loudness vibrations amplitude

A

Strong/sharp - weak/dull

43
Q

Main percussion sounds:

A

Sonorous/resonant,
Damped/dull,
Tympanic,

44
Q

Describe Sonorous/resonant sound:

A

Fairly low, strongly resonant (air containing organ - normal lung)

45
Q

Describe Damped/dull sound:

A

Short sound of low intensity (any part does not contain gas, liver, heart muscle)

46
Q

Describe Tympanic sound:

A

Stronger, longer, higher than sonorous, higher in pitch.

Striking a hallow organ containing gas under pressure, gastric volvulus.

47
Q

What are the special sounds during percussion?

A

Steel- like, cracked, drum-like

48
Q

What can you smell?

A

Expired air, oral cavity, skin, excreta.

49
Q

Which instruments can you use for measuring?

A

Thermometer
Measuring tape
Vernier caiper
String of calibrated ovoids.

50
Q

What are the different methods of developing a diagnosis?

A

-Deductive diagnosis - pathognomic symptoms, excluding diagnosis, diagnosis obtain from the therapeutic results.

51
Q

What are the different types of diagnosis?

A
  • causal, ethiological diagnosis (e.g. parvovirus enteritis)
  • topographical diagnosis (concerning an organ e.g. hepatitis)
  • symptomatic diagnosis (e.g. jaundice, fever)
  • functional diagnosis (e.g. lameness of the urinary bladder)
  • tentative diagnosis (e.g. sarcoptes)
  • main and additional dg (e.g. enteritis and flea allergy)
52
Q

Possible causes of a false diagnosis:

A
  1. diagnosing without examination
  2. examination is not enough accurate
  3. misunderstanding one or more symptoms
  4. prestige-based diagnosis
  5. neglecting of repeated examinations
  6. insufficient diagnostic equipment
  7. inappropriate interpretation of the laboratory data
53
Q

What are the words for an exact diagnosis?

A

exact- diagnosis vera, certus

54
Q

What are the words for an objective diagnosis?

A

objective- diagnosis objective

55
Q

What are the words for a presumptive diagnosis?

A

presumtive- diagnosis verosimilis

56
Q

What are the words for an undetermined diagnosis?

A

undetermined- diagnosis incerta

57
Q

What are the words for a false diagnosis?

A

false- diagnosis falsa

Small Animal Medicine 1 (22 decks)

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