1 - Examination methods Flashcards by Benedicte Mæhlum

What is central in the diagnostic process?

Clinical examination

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the purpose of the clinical examination?

To detect:

-Clinically significant abnormalities of function and the body system involved

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the purpose of the diagnosis?

To recommend specific treatment
To provide an accurate prognosis
To make recommendations for cost effective control
To prevent the same happening to a new group of animals.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are the physical examination methods?

Inspection
palpation
auscultation
percussion
smelling
measuring

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the additional clinical examinations?

Non-instrumental and instrumental

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Give the non-instrumental additional clinical examinations:

Aspiration
Biopsy
Centesis
Excision
Extirpation
Tubing
Catheter
Diagn.lapar.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Give an example of a centesis:

Urine, gallbladder - ultrasound sample (cholecytocentesis) or toracentesis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is an extirpation examination?

you take away an organ or lymph node

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Give an example of an aspiration, what do you check?

Fine needle aspiration, just cell vaccum.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Give examples of instrumental additional examiniations:

X-ray
ECG
US
Endoscopy
CT
MR

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which samples can you use for a clinical laboratory examination:

Blood
Urine
Rumen-content
Faeces
Liquor
Milk

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Define symptoms

changes which are observed by the owner

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

define signs:

Abnormal findings during physical examination.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the Chief complaint?

The most significant symptom important for the diagnosis.

Others are only general complaints which dont lead to the direct diagnosis.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What type of clinical signs can we see?

Specific - Nonspecific
Permanent - Temporary
Main - Accessory

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

define syndrome:

special group of symptoms, together are highly specific for disease

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Give some examples of nonspecific signs

anorexia, lethargy, diarrhea, vomitting

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Give the principles of inspection

General (skin, posture, behaviour, gait,condition).
With the unaided eye, and with instruments.
Time and attention
Good illumination

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which instruments can we use in inspection?

Opthalmoscope
Otoscope
Vaginoscope
Penlight
Radiography
Ultrasonography
Endoscope.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Give the principles of palpation

Direct - indirect
Outside - inside
Superficial - deep
Ballotation, undulation (tactile percussion)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

When we palpate we look for alterations in:

Location, shape, size, borders, surface, consistency, structure, painfulness, movability, sorroundings, covered skin, temperature,color

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

When you do a ballotation in the rumen, which sound can you hear?

Splasjing sound

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the terms of consistency?

Utrecht, budapest

Explain utrecht:

Water in thin plastic bag, putty, soft rubber, hard rubber, stone

Explain budapest:

Fluctuating, doughy, form (muscle-like), hard (cartilage-like or bone-like), glandular, emphysematous (crackling)

Explain doughy:

pressure causes pitting which persist for a time as in edema

Explain firm:

resistance to pressure is similar to that of normal liver

Explain hard:

The structure has a bone-like consistency

Explain fluctuating:

wave-like movement is produced in a structure by the application of pressure

Explain emphysematous:

the structure is enlarged and puffy and yields on pressure, it produces a crepitating or crackling sound due to the presence of air or gas in the tissue.

what are the general rules of auscultation?

-The animal should stand still, a certain examination order should be followed and silent circumstances.

Define sound

combination of vibrations with different frequencies

define noise

no special underlying relation among frequencies, no periodic character

what is the goal of acoustic percussion?

To obtain information about the condition of the surrounding tissues (create sound waves, resonancy), borders, tissue density, detect lesions

Give the surrounding tissues when checking the acoustic percussion?

Thorax Paranasal sinuses Abdominal cavity SC emphysema

Percussion: | Give the direct and indirect method

Direct - finger to finger | Indirect - plessimeter and percussion hammer.

What are the components of percussion sounds? (marek)

1. cracling sound of tapping hammer or plessimeter. 2. Sound of the thoracic wall or wall of any organ. 3. Resonant sound of gas contatining tissue (lung) or other organ filled.

Main characteristics of percussion sound : all the parameters:

Pitch/frequency, Volume/loudness, tone/resonance, duration

Main characteristics of percussion sound : | Iitch/frequency number of vibration/min:

High - low

Main characteristics of percussion sound : | Tone/resonance homogenous/non-homogenous

sonorous/resonant - damped

Main characteristics of percussion sound : | Duration

short - long

Main characteristics of percussion sound : | Volume/loudness vibrations amplitude

Strong/sharp - weak/dull

Main percussion sounds:

Sonorous/resonant, Damped/dull, Tympanic,

Describe Sonorous/resonant sound:

Fairly low, strongly resonant (air containing organ - normal lung)

Describe Damped/dull sound:

Short sound of low intensity (any part does not contain gas, liver, heart muscle)

Describe Tympanic sound:

Stronger, longer, higher than sonorous, higher in pitch. | Striking a hallow organ containing gas under pressure, gastric volvulus.

What are the special sounds during percussion?

Steel- like, cracked, drum-like

What can you smell?

Expired air, oral cavity, skin, excreta.

Which instruments can you use for measuring?

Thermometer Measuring tape Vernier caiper String of calibrated ovoids.

What are the different methods of developing a diagnosis?

-Deductive diagnosis - pathognomic symptoms, excluding diagnosis, diagnosis obtain from the therapeutic results.

What are the different types of diagnosis?

- causal, ethiological diagnosis (e.g. parvovirus enteritis) - topographical diagnosis (concerning an organ e.g. hepatitis) - symptomatic diagnosis (e.g. jaundice, fever) - functional diagnosis (e.g. lameness of the urinary bladder) - tentative diagnosis (e.g. sarcoptes) - main and additional dg (e.g. enteritis and flea allergy)

Possible causes of a false diagnosis:

1. diagnosing without examination 2. examination is not enough accurate 3. misunderstanding one or more symptoms 4. prestige-based diagnosis 5. neglecting of repeated examinations 6. insufficient diagnostic equipment 7. inappropriate interpretation of the laboratory data

What are the words for an exact diagnosis?

exact- diagnosis vera, certus

What are the words for an objective diagnosis?

objective- diagnosis objective

What are the words for a presumptive diagnosis?

presumtive- diagnosis verosimilis

What are the words for an undetermined diagnosis?

undetermined- diagnosis incerta

What are the words for a false diagnosis?

false- diagnosis falsa