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Small Animal Medicine 1 > 4. Respiratory system upper airways > Flashcards

4. Respiratory system upper airways Flashcards

1
Q

Steps of examinations of the respiratory tract:

A
  1. nose and paranasal sinuses
  2. coughing
  3. larynx and pharynx
  4. trachea
  5. thorax
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2
Q

How do you examine the nose and paranasal sinuses?

A
  • external and internal inspection
  • palpation
  • percussion
  • smelling
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3
Q

What are the further examinations of the nasal and paranasal sinuses?

A
  • nasal discharge: cytologic, bacter., mycologic and parasitic examination
  • X-ray
  • endoscopy (rhinoscopy, sinuscopy in horse)
  • diagnostic punction
  • biopsy
  • diagnostic rhinotomy
  • CT, MRI
  • nasogastric tubing
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4
Q

what do you look for when you examine the nose and paranasal sinuses?

A
  1. Shape, form of the nose
  2. Occurrence of nasal stridor
  3. Expired air
  4. Occurrence of nasal discharge
  5. Nasal plane
  6. Nasal openings (nostrils), mucous membranes
  7. Palate, nasopharynx
  8. Paranasal and frontal sinuses
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5
Q

What is the normal noise of a nasal stridor?

A

normal: faint regular noise during expiration

in brachycephal dogs the noise is more intensive

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6
Q

What are the abnormal sounds of a nasal sounds?

A

Abnormal sounds:

  • stridor(during inspir. or expir. or both)
  • narrowed air passages (localization and side of narrowing)
  • sneezing (important reflex which protect the respir. syst)
  • in dogs: often normal, cats: rhinotracheitis
  • in rabbits: about rhinitis
  • snoring, stertor (in brachycephal dogs)
  • reverse sneezing
  • singultation (puppies)
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7
Q

Explain the stridor:

Nasal stridor

A

sniffing sound

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8
Q

Explain the stridor: Pharyngeal stridor

A

snorring sound

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9
Q

Explain the stridor:

Laryngeal stridor

A

soft „sawing” sound

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10
Q

Explain the stridor:

Collapsed trachea

A

expiratory! tooting sound

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11
Q

Explain the stridor:

Larynx paralysis

A

inspiratory stridor

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12
Q

Explain the stridor:

Narrow trachea, bronchus

A

mixed stridor

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13
Q

Occurrence of nasal stridor, abnormal sounds:

A
  • purring (in cats)
  • noises caused pain
  • groaning (in dog, horses rarely, in cows often)
  • howling (in dogs)
  • alteration of voice (rabies)
  • noiseless
  • panting (in dogs)
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14
Q

When checking the expired air, what do you check?

A

strength
symmetry
temperature
odor, smell

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15
Q

When checking the nasal discharge what do you check?

A
  • continuity (permanent/periodic)
  • side (left/right/both)
  • quantity
  • quality: consistency
  • color
  • odor, smell
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16
Q

How can the quality:consistency of the nasal discharge be described?

A 
Watery
Mucous
Mucopurulent
Hemorrhagic
Foamy
Contains food
Intake
Foreign material
Debris
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17
Q

When checking the nasal plane what do you check?

A

surface (intactness)
colour
moisturness

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18
Q

How do you describe a normal nasal plane?

A

moist, intact, pigmented

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19
Q

When checking the nasal openings and nostrils what do you check?

A
  • shape of the nostrils
  • width
  • movability of the nasal alae
  • symmetricy
  • mucous membranes, inside examination
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20
Q

When checking the palate and nasopharynx what do you check?

A

abnormalities, mm

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21
Q

Mention all the sinuses

A 
sinus maxillares
sinus frontalis
sinus lacrimalis 
sinus ethmoidale
sinus palatinus 
sinus sphenopalatinae
sinus sphenoidalis
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22
Q

How do you examine the paranasal and frontal sinuses?

A
  • inspection
  • palpation
  • percussion
  • endoscopy (in horse)
  • X-ray, CT, MR
  • diagnostic punction
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23
Q

Define coughing:

A

Important reflex by which the respiratory system protects itself against injury and foreign material

24
Q

Standpoints of examination of coughing:

A
  • origin
  • frequency
  • strength
  • tone
  • occurrence
  • duration
  • secretion content
  • painful or painless
  • deepness
  • localization of origin
  • the quality of sputum
25
Q

How can we describe the origin of the cough?

A

-origin (spontaneous or stimulated)

26
Q

How can we describe the frequency of the cough?

A

-frequency (rare, frequent, paroxysmal)

27
Q

How can we describe the strength of the cough?

A

strength (weak, medium intense, intense, with or without snap)

28
Q

How can we describe the tone of the cough?

A

-tone (sharp, dull, barking, rattling, roaring, hoarse)

29
Q

How can we describe the occurrence of the cough?

A

-occurrence (during night, mornings, in the daytime, ccontinuously, only in
special environment)

30
Q

How can we describe the duration of the cough?

A

-duration (short, medium long, long, held)

31
Q

How can we describe the secretion of the cough?

A

-secretion content (dry, medium wet, wet)

32
Q

How can we describe the deepness of the cough?

A

deepness (superficial or deep or medium deep)

33
Q

Where does the cough come from?

A

Larynx, trachea or bronchi

34
Q

If the cough comes from the larynx, what can the cause be?

A

Larynx paralysis

35
Q

If the cough comes from the trachea, what can the cause be?

A

Tracheitis or trachea collapse

36
Q

If the cough comes from the bronchi, what can the cause be?

A

-Lung emphysema, chronic bronchitis, Pneumonia, Cardiac disease

37
Q

Describe the cough of larynx paralysis:

A

deep, long, harsh

38
Q

Describe the cough of tracheitis:

A

loud, explosive barking like

39
Q

Describe the cough of trachea collapse:

A

goose honking cough

40
Q

Describe the cough of lung emphysema, chronic bronchitis:

A

short, weak, dry

41
Q

Describe the cough of pneumonia:

A

soft

42
Q

Describe the cough of cardiac disease:

A

-wet, hacking cough

43
Q

Describe the acute and chronic phase of coughing form the bronchi:

A

acute phase: pattern = tracheitis

-chronic phase: mucus, pus, wet, rough

44
Q

How is the laryngeal cough describes?

A

episodical, heavy, gagging / retching, tendency to vomit

45
Q

How do you stimulate a cough?

A

pressing the tracheal rings or pressing the thorax very rapidly during expiration

46
Q

How do you describe a stimulated cough?

A

Stimulated cough is medium held, unsnapping, medium intensive, medium deep, dry, sharp, painless, does not recur

47
Q

Physical examination methods of the larynx and pharynx:

A
  • external and internal examination
  • inspection
  • palpation
  • auscultation
48
Q

Further examinations of the larynx and pharynx:

A
  • X-ray
  • endoscopy
  • CT, MR
49
Q

During external inspection of the larynx and the parynx what do you look for?

A

-skin, deformity, swelling, symmetricy

50
Q

During external palpation of the larynx and the parynx what can you feel?

A
  • form, outline, muscles, surface of larynx, abnormal masses
  • compressionability and press sensitivity of the arytenoids
  • temperature, painfulness
  • fremitus
51
Q

During external auscultation of the larynx and the parynx what can you hear?

A

normally weak stridor under inspiration and expiration

52
Q

During internal inspection of the larynx and the parynx what do you look for?

A

-epiglottis
-nasopharynx:
symmetry and synchronous movement of the arytenoids
-rima glottidis
-color, capillaries and deformation of mucous membranes

53
Q

Standpoints for examination of the tonsilla?

A
  • size, shape
  • semilunar fold
  • colour
  • surface
  • symmetricy
54
Q

Normal problem with the tonsilla?

A

tonsillitis

55
Q

Physical examination methods of the trachea:

A
  • external inspection
  • palpation
  • auscultation
56
Q

Further examinations of the trachea:

A

-X-ray
-endoscopy
-CT, MR
-tracheal fluid sampling: via endoscope or transtracheal aspiration
-tracheal fluid analysis:
quality, cytological, bacteriologic, mycological, virologic and
parasitologic examination

Small Animal Medicine 1 (22 decks)

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