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Small Animal Medicine 1 > 14 reproductive organs and haematopoietic organs > Flashcards

14 reproductive organs and haematopoietic organs Flashcards

1
Q

when do we examine the reproductive organs

A
  • it is a part of the general examination, health check
  • when there are direct signs
  • when there are indirect signs
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2
Q

examination of the reproductive organs

types of direct signs

A
  • vaginal discharge: vaginitis, metritis

- silent heat, low libido: endocrine hypofunction

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3
Q

examination of the reproductive organs

what types of indirect signs do we have

A
  • urination/defacation complaint: prostate hypertrophy
  • alopecis: endocrine hypo./ hyperfunction
  • systemic illness/fecer, PU,PD: pyometra
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4
Q

what is pyometra

A

severe metritis of intact female

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5
Q

examination of the reproductive organs

during the general health check, what should we pay attention to regarding age of the animal?

A
  • young: congenital disorders

- old: chronic pathological processes, masses

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6
Q

list the order of examination of male reproductive tract

A
  • nationale
  • history
  • physical examination
  • additional examination
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7
Q

male reproductive tract

what is an important part of the nationale

A

age!

  • young: developmental defects: cryptorchidism, hermatophrodism
  • old: prostate hypertrophy, neoplasm
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8
Q

male reproductive tract

what is important, regarding the history

A
  • reproductive state: intact or castrated

- libido, fertility, internal medicine complaints

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9
Q

male reproductive tract

what can cause libido, fertility, internal medicine complaints

A
  • mating failiure, infertility: hormonal dysbalance, inflammation
  • urination/defacation problem: prostate gland disorder
  • preputial discharge: inflammation, infection
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10
Q

male reproductive tract

what do we do during physical examination

A

inspection, palpation

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11
Q

male reproductive tract

during physical examination, what parts do we check

A
  1. scrotum
  2. testes, epidydimis
  3. penis
  4. prepuce
  5. prostate gland
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12
Q

male reproductive tract

what do we check - scrotum

A

skin: surface/intactness, painfullness, temperature

content

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13
Q

male reproductive tract

what can cause lesions, erythema, pain and high temp of the scrotum

A

scrotal dermatitis

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14
Q

male reproductive tract

if the content of the scrotum is abnormal, what can it be

A

scrotal hernia

- abdominal content in the scrotum

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15
Q

male reproductive tract

what do we check - testes, epididymis

A

localization, size, shape, structure, surface, painfullness, symmetry, movability, consistency

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16
Q

male reproductive tract

what is the normal location of the testis

A

abdomen
inguinal canal
over 6 months - scrotum

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17
Q

what is cryptorchidsm

A

non-descended testicle at over 6 months of age

testicle in abdomen or inguinal canal

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18
Q

male reproductive tract

what can cause inflammation in testis, and how can we feel it

A

orchitis

increased size, firmer, warmer, uni or bilateral

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19
Q

male reproductive tract

what can cause inflammation of epididymis

A

epididymitis

often come together with orchitis

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20
Q

male reproductive tract

what types of testicular neoplasms do we have

A

leydig cell tumor
semilunar ???
sertoli cell tumor
they make hormones: oestrogen, progesteron, testosteron

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21
Q

male reproductive tract

what are dogs with cryptorchidism often predisposed to

A

sertoli cell tumor

22
Q

male reproductive tract

how does sertoly cell tumors affect the dog

A

feminization due to hyperoestrogenism leads to:
alopecia
hyperpigmentation
atrophy of the prepuce
toxic to BM- thrombocytopenia-petechia, haemorrhage

23
Q

male reproductive tract

physical examination of the penis

A

shape, size, mucosa, painfullness, consistency

aperture of the urethra - intactness

24
Q

male reproductive tract

physical examination of the prepuce

A

skin, mucosa: signs of trauma or inflammation
orifice: intactness, size -> preputial stenosis
discharge -> infection

25
male reproductive tract | what types of preputial stenosis do we have
- phimosis: inabilitu to excruse penis | - paraphimosis: inability to retract penis
26
male reproductive tract | physical examination of the prostate gland
- RPD: rectal digital palpation | - location, size, shape, structure, surface, painfullness, symmetry, movability, concistency
27
male reproductive tract | what can cause problems with the prostate gland
hypertrophy: enlarged, firm, pain, irregular tumor abscess, cyst
28
male reproductive tract | what are the additional tests
- routine laboratory tests: prostate, testis - radiogrphy: penis, prostate - ultrasonography: testes, prostate - aspiration cytology, biopsy and histopathology: prostate - surgical castration and histopathology: testis - bacterial culture: prostate abcess - laparotomy, laparoscopy: prostate - semen evaluation, endocrine assays
29
female reproductive tract | list the order of the examination
nationale history physical examination additional exams
30
female reproductive tract | what are the important aspects of the nationale and history
age breed reproductive state
31
female reproductive tract | what are common problems for some breeds
partuition problems | english bulldog: dystocia --> C cection
32
female reproductive tract | what are common reproductive state problems
- neutered: urinary incompetence - intact: mammary gland neoplasia, pyometra - oestrus cycles: heating, silent heating, pseudopregnancy
33
female reproductive tract | what are the important aspects of the history
- reproductive state - postpartum period - hormone therapy - abdominal distension - vulvular discharge - neutering - infertility, pregnancy, parturition, nursing
34
female reproductive tract | why is postpartum an important part of the history
nursing/milk production increased -hypocalcaemia, seizures
35
female reproductive tract | why is hormone therapy an important part of the history
contraception, oestrus prevention / induction
36
female reproductive tract | why is abdominal distension an important part of the history
pregnancy or pyometra
37
female reproductive tract | why is vulvular discharge an important part of the history
vaginitis, metritis
38
female reproductive tract | steps of the physical examination
vulva and perivulvar area vagina abdomen ( uterus, ovaries) mammary glands
39
female reproductive tract | physical examination of the vulva and perivulvar area
skin, mucosa, shape, size, vulvar opening
40
female reproductive tract | wat are common problems of the vulva and perivulvar area
inflammation, trauma, lesion, neoplasma often similar to heating perivulvular area: deratitis, skin fold pyoderma vulvar discharge: mucopurulent, haemopurulent
41
female reproductive tract | physical examination of the vagina/vestibulum
mucosa and its vessels, surface, painfullness, concistency, deformities presence of faetus
42
female reproductive tract | physical examination of the uterus, ovaries - through abdomen
only felt if enlarged pyometra, mucometra pregnancy tumor
43
female reproductive tract | physical examination of mammary glands
location, shape, size, skin, temperature, painfullness, structure, defomities, milk''''''''''''''''7discharge
44
female reproductive tract | what can change the normal mammary gland
pregnancy pseudopregnancy mastitis mammary gland tumor
45
female reproductive tract | additional examinations
- routine lab tests - cytology: vaginal smears - microbiology: discharge, milk - hormone measurements: estrogen, progesterone - ultrasonography: uterus, ovaries - vaginoscopy: vagina
46
examiantion of the bone marrow | indications for examination
suspect damage from signs from other organs | damage: only by indirect findings
47
examiantion of the bone marrow | what organs can indicate bone marrow problems
mucous membranes: anemia lymph nodes: lymphadenomegaly neoplasm - leukemia toxins, infections: BM suppression
48
examiantion of the bone marrow | methods
only additional exams haematology-blood fine needle aspiration and cytology: lymphnodes cytology/biopsy- bone marrow
49
examiantion of the spleen | physical examination
palpation through abdomen - behind stomach, left side, tounge shaped - only if enlarged - normal spleen is not palpable (not what topo ana lærte oss men greit deeet:)))
50
examiantion of the spleen | what can cause splenomegaly
- infectious etiology - immunemediated disorders - tumor - haematoma, nodular hyperplasia (common in elderly dog, innocent) - torsion
51
examiantion of the spleen | additional examinations
routine blood test / CBC ultrasonography radiography FNA / biopdsy

Small Animal Medicine 1 (22 decks)

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