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Small Animal Medicine 1 > 14 reproductive organs and haematopoietic organs > Flashcards

14 reproductive organs and haematopoietic organs Flashcards

1
Q

when do we examine the reproductive organs

A
  • it is a part of the general examination, health check
  • when there are direct signs
  • when there are indirect signs
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2
Q

examination of the reproductive organs

types of direct signs

A
  • vaginal discharge: vaginitis, metritis

- silent heat, low libido: endocrine hypofunction

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3
Q

examination of the reproductive organs

what types of indirect signs do we have

A
  • urination/defacation complaint: prostate hypertrophy
  • alopecis: endocrine hypo./ hyperfunction
  • systemic illness/fecer, PU,PD: pyometra
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4
Q

what is pyometra

A

severe metritis of intact female

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5
Q

examination of the reproductive organs

during the general health check, what should we pay attention to regarding age of the animal?

A
  • young: congenital disorders

- old: chronic pathological processes, masses

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6
Q

list the order of examination of male reproductive tract

A
  • nationale
  • history
  • physical examination
  • additional examination
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7
Q

male reproductive tract

what is an important part of the nationale

A

age!

  • young: developmental defects: cryptorchidism, hermatophrodism
  • old: prostate hypertrophy, neoplasm
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8
Q

male reproductive tract

what is important, regarding the history

A
  • reproductive state: intact or castrated

- libido, fertility, internal medicine complaints

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9
Q

male reproductive tract

what can cause libido, fertility, internal medicine complaints

A
  • mating failiure, infertility: hormonal dysbalance, inflammation
  • urination/defacation problem: prostate gland disorder
  • preputial discharge: inflammation, infection
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10
Q

male reproductive tract

what do we do during physical examination

A

inspection, palpation

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11
Q

male reproductive tract

during physical examination, what parts do we check

A
  1. scrotum
  2. testes, epidydimis
  3. penis
  4. prepuce
  5. prostate gland
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12
Q

male reproductive tract

what do we check - scrotum

A

skin: surface/intactness, painfullness, temperature

content

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13
Q

male reproductive tract

what can cause lesions, erythema, pain and high temp of the scrotum

A

scrotal dermatitis

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14
Q

male reproductive tract

if the content of the scrotum is abnormal, what can it be

A

scrotal hernia

- abdominal content in the scrotum

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15
Q

male reproductive tract

what do we check - testes, epididymis

A

localization, size, shape, structure, surface, painfullness, symmetry, movability, consistency

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16
Q

male reproductive tract

what is the normal location of the testis

A

abdomen
inguinal canal
over 6 months - scrotum

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17
Q

what is cryptorchidsm

A

non-descended testicle at over 6 months of age

testicle in abdomen or inguinal canal

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18
Q

male reproductive tract

what can cause inflammation in testis, and how can we feel it

A

orchitis

increased size, firmer, warmer, uni or bilateral

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19
Q

male reproductive tract

what can cause inflammation of epididymis

A

epididymitis

often come together with orchitis

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20
Q

male reproductive tract

what types of testicular neoplasms do we have

A

leydig cell tumor
semilunar ???
sertoli cell tumor
they make hormones: oestrogen, progesteron, testosteron

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21
Q

male reproductive tract

what are dogs with cryptorchidism often predisposed to

A

sertoli cell tumor

22
Q

male reproductive tract

how does sertoly cell tumors affect the dog

A

feminization due to hyperoestrogenism leads to:
alopecia
hyperpigmentation
atrophy of the prepuce
toxic to BM- thrombocytopenia-petechia, haemorrhage

23
Q

male reproductive tract

physical examination of the penis

A

shape, size, mucosa, painfullness, consistency

aperture of the urethra - intactness

24
Q

male reproductive tract

physical examination of the prepuce

A

skin, mucosa: signs of trauma or inflammation
orifice: intactness, size -> preputial stenosis
discharge -> infection

25
Q

male reproductive tract

what types of preputial stenosis do we have

A
  • phimosis: inabilitu to excruse penis

- paraphimosis: inability to retract penis

26
Q

male reproductive tract

physical examination of the prostate gland

A
  • RPD: rectal digital palpation

- location, size, shape, structure, surface, painfullness, symmetry, movability, concistency

27
Q

male reproductive tract

what can cause problems with the prostate gland

A

hypertrophy: enlarged, firm, pain, irregular
tumor
abscess, cyst

28
Q

male reproductive tract

what are the additional tests

A
  • routine laboratory tests: prostate, testis
  • radiogrphy: penis, prostate
  • ultrasonography: testes, prostate
  • aspiration cytology, biopsy and histopathology: prostate
  • surgical castration and histopathology: testis
  • bacterial culture: prostate abcess
  • laparotomy, laparoscopy: prostate
  • semen evaluation, endocrine assays
29
Q

female reproductive tract

list the order of the examination

A

nationale
history
physical examination
additional exams

30
Q

female reproductive tract

what are the important aspects of the nationale and history

A

age
breed
reproductive state

31
Q

female reproductive tract

what are common problems for some breeds

A

partuition problems

english bulldog: dystocia –> C cection

32
Q

female reproductive tract

what are common reproductive state problems

A
  • neutered: urinary incompetence
  • intact: mammary gland neoplasia, pyometra
  • oestrus cycles: heating, silent heating, pseudopregnancy
33
Q

female reproductive tract

what are the important aspects of the history

A
  • reproductive state
  • postpartum period
  • hormone therapy
  • abdominal distension
  • vulvular discharge
  • neutering
  • infertility, pregnancy, parturition, nursing
34
Q

female reproductive tract

why is postpartum an important part of the history

A

nursing/milk production increased -hypocalcaemia, seizures

35
Q

female reproductive tract

why is hormone therapy an important part of the history

A

contraception, oestrus prevention / induction

36
Q

female reproductive tract

why is abdominal distension an important part of the history

A

pregnancy or pyometra

37
Q

female reproductive tract

why is vulvular discharge an important part of the history

A

vaginitis, metritis

38
Q

female reproductive tract

steps of the physical examination

A

vulva and perivulvar area
vagina
abdomen ( uterus, ovaries)
mammary glands

39
Q

female reproductive tract

physical examination of the vulva and perivulvar area

A

skin, mucosa, shape, size, vulvar opening

40
Q

female reproductive tract

wat are common problems of the vulva and perivulvar area

A

inflammation, trauma, lesion, neoplasma
often similar to heating
perivulvular area: deratitis, skin fold pyoderma
vulvar discharge: mucopurulent, haemopurulent

41
Q

female reproductive tract

physical examination of the vagina/vestibulum

A

mucosa and its vessels, surface, painfullness, concistency, deformities
presence of faetus

42
Q

female reproductive tract

physical examination of the uterus, ovaries - through abdomen

A

only felt if enlarged
pyometra, mucometra
pregnancy
tumor

43
Q

female reproductive tract

physical examination of mammary glands

A

location, shape, size, skin, temperature, painfullness, structure, defomities, milk’’’’’’’’’’’’’’'’7discharge

44
Q

female reproductive tract

what can change the normal mammary gland

A

pregnancy
pseudopregnancy
mastitis
mammary gland tumor

45
Q

female reproductive tract

additional examinations

A
  • routine lab tests
  • cytology: vaginal smears
  • microbiology: discharge, milk
  • hormone measurements: estrogen, progesterone
  • ultrasonography: uterus, ovaries
  • vaginoscopy: vagina
46
Q

examiantion of the bone marrow

indications for examination

A

suspect damage from signs from other organs

damage: only by indirect findings

47
Q

examiantion of the bone marrow

what organs can indicate bone marrow problems

A

mucous membranes: anemia
lymph nodes: lymphadenomegaly
neoplasm - leukemia
toxins, infections: BM suppression

48
Q

examiantion of the bone marrow

methods

A

only additional exams
haematology-blood
fine needle aspiration and cytology: lymphnodes
cytology/biopsy- bone marrow

49
Q

examiantion of the spleen

physical examination

A

palpation through abdomen

  • behind stomach, left side, tounge shaped
  • only if enlarged
  • normal spleen is not palpable (not what topo ana lærte oss men greit deeet:)))
50
Q

examiantion of the spleen

what can cause splenomegaly

A
  • infectious etiology
  • immunemediated disorders
  • tumor
  • haematoma, nodular hyperplasia (common in elderly dog, innocent)
  • torsion
51
Q

examiantion of the spleen

additional examinations

A

routine blood test / CBC
ultrasonography
radiography
FNA / biopdsy

Small Animal Medicine 1 (22 decks)

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