3 LN, MM Flashcards
what methods do we use to examine the lymph nodes?
inspection
palpation
lymph nodes:
what are the additional examinations?
- aspiration (FNA)
- biopsy
- excision
- extirpation
- X-ray, ultrasound, CT, MR
list the things we should feel for when palpating the lymph nodes
- size
- shape
- consistency
- structure
- painfullness
- movability
- surface
- skin above
- symmetricy
- location, how many nodes
what is the normal size of a LN?
- differs from animal to animal
- more than 1,5 times enlargement is suspicious
what is the normal shape of a LN?
ellipsoidal / round shape
what is the normal consistency of the LN?
soft rubber (firm)
what is the normal structure of LN?
homogenous
describe normal movability of the LN
- unattached to the surrounding tissues
- no adhesions
- movable
what is the normal surface of the LN?
smooth, regular
what do you feel for on the skinn above the LN?
- temperature
- elasticity
- intactness
name the palpable lymphnodes
- mandibular / submandibular lnn
- prescapular lnn
- popliteal lnn
name the lymphnodes that are palpable when pathologically enlarged
- retropharyngeal lnn
- parotid lnn
- axillary lnn
- superficial inguinal lnn
- mesenteric lnn
what should you keep in mind when palpating LN of cachectic patients?
loss of fat surrounding the lymphnodes makes them more prominant
what does FNA stand for?
Fine Needle Aspiration
how do we examine mucous membranes?
- inspection
- palpation
- smelling
what additional examinations can we use to examin mucous membranes?
- endoscopy
- Ultra sound
- X-ray, contrast X-ray
- discharge, secretion
- quantitative, qualitative
- microbiology
- cytology
which mucous membranes do we check?
- conjunctiva
- oaral mm
- nasal mm
- anal mm
- genital mm
list the things we should check when examining the mm
- color
- moisture (mucous, quantity, quality)
- membrane vessels (hemorrhages?)
- surface: smoothness, lesions
- capillary refill time: <2 sec
list the normal findings on mucous membranes
- light pink
- smooth, shiny
- moist
- no lesions
- blood vessels slightly recognized
- normal CRT
- conjunctiva
- slightly ruffled
- symmetrical
list the abnormal findings on mucous membranes
- pale / anemia
- cyanotic
- yellow staining
- dull
- livid
- haemorrhage (petechiae, suffusion, echymosis)
- dirty red
- lesio0ns: papules, ulcers…
- dry
- sticky
- injected
how should we describe ulcers
- how many
- how does it look like
- borders
- size
- what can have caused this?
fluid therapy
where is the fluid deficit?
- intravascular IV
- interstitial IS
- intracellular IC
fluid therapy
what happens if there is IV fluid loss
- decreased perfusion - hypovolemic shock
- decreased tissue O2 and energy support
fluid therapy
what can cause decreased IV fluid levels
- vasculitis, hemorrhage
- blood loss
- SIRS
- allergy, infection
- pancreatitis
- peritonitis
- impaired cardiac output
- always exlude heart failiure
