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Small Animal Medicine 1 > 3 LN, MM > Flashcards

3 LN, MM Flashcards

1
Q

what methods do we use to examine the lymph nodes?

A

inspection

palpation

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2
Q

lymph nodes:

what are the additional examinations?

A
  • aspiration (FNA)
  • biopsy
  • excision
  • extirpation
  • X-ray, ultrasound, CT, MR
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3
Q

list the things we should feel for when palpating the lymph nodes

A
  1. size
  2. shape
  3. consistency
  4. structure
  5. painfullness
  6. movability
  7. surface
  8. skin above
  9. symmetricy
  10. location, how many nodes
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4
Q

what is the normal size of a LN?

A
  • differs from animal to animal
  • more than 1,5 times enlargement is suspicious
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5
Q

what is the normal shape of a LN?

A

ellipsoidal / round shape

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6
Q

what is the normal consistency of the LN?

A

soft rubber (firm)

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7
Q

what is the normal structure of LN?

A

homogenous

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8
Q

describe normal movability of the LN

A
  • unattached to the surrounding tissues
  • no adhesions
  • movable
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9
Q

what is the normal surface of the LN?

A

smooth, regular

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10
Q

what do you feel for on the skinn above the LN?

A
  • temperature
  • elasticity
  • intactness
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11
Q

name the palpable lymphnodes

A
  • mandibular / submandibular lnn
  • prescapular lnn
  • popliteal lnn
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12
Q

name the lymphnodes that are palpable when pathologically enlarged

A
  • retropharyngeal lnn
  • parotid lnn
  • axillary lnn
  • superficial inguinal lnn
  • mesenteric lnn
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13
Q

what should you keep in mind when palpating LN of cachectic patients?

A

loss of fat surrounding the lymphnodes makes them more prominant

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14
Q

what does FNA stand for?

A

Fine Needle Aspiration

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15
Q

how do we examine mucous membranes?

A
  • inspection
  • palpation
  • smelling
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16
Q

what additional examinations can we use to examin mucous membranes?

A
  • endoscopy
  • Ultra sound
  • X-ray, contrast X-ray
  • discharge, secretion
    • quantitative, qualitative
    • microbiology
    • cytology
17
Q

which mucous membranes do we check?

A
  • conjunctiva
  • oaral mm
  • nasal mm
  • anal mm
  • genital mm
18
Q

list the things we should check when examining the mm

A
  1. color
  2. moisture (mucous, quantity, quality)
  3. membrane vessels (hemorrhages?)
  4. surface: smoothness, lesions
  5. capillary refill time: <2 sec
19
Q

list the normal findings on mucous membranes

A
  • light pink
  • smooth, shiny
  • moist
  • no lesions
  • blood vessels slightly recognized
  • normal CRT
  • conjunctiva
    • slightly ruffled
    • symmetrical
20
Q

list the abnormal findings on mucous membranes

A
  1. pale / anemia
  2. cyanotic
  3. yellow staining
  4. dull
  5. livid
  6. haemorrhage (petechiae, suffusion, echymosis)
  7. dirty red
  8. lesio0ns: papules, ulcers…
  9. dry
  10. sticky
  11. injected
21
Q

how should we describe ulcers

A
  • how many
  • how does it look like
    • borders
    • size
  • what can have caused this?
22
Q

fluid therapy

where is the fluid deficit?

A
  • intravascular IV
  • interstitial IS
  • intracellular IC
23
Q

fluid therapy

what happens if there is IV fluid loss

A
  • decreased perfusion - hypovolemic shock
  • decreased tissue O2 and energy support
24
Q

fluid therapy

what can cause decreased IV fluid levels

A
  • vasculitis, hemorrhage
    • blood loss
    • SIRS
    • allergy, infection
    • pancreatitis
    • peritonitis
  • impaired cardiac output
    • always exlude heart failiure
25
Q

fluid therapy

how can we examine IV fluid loss

A
  • heart rate and pulse
  • CRT (longer)
  • mucous membrane color change (paler)
  • temperature
  • blood pressure
26
Q

fluid therapy

cause of IS and IC fluid loss

A
  • dehydration
  • heat stroke
  • gastroenteritis
  • DM
  • kidney failiure
  • fever
  • diarrhea
27
Q

fluid therapy

how can we check IS and IC fluid volume?

A
  • moisture of MM
  • skin turgor
  • eye position
  • body weight
  • urine output
  • specific gravity of urine
28
Q
A

Small Animal Medicine 1 (22 decks)

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