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Small Animal Medicine 1 > 7. exam of resp organs percussion > Flashcards

7. exam of resp organs percussion Flashcards

1
Q

physical examinatin of the cariovascular organs

A

inspection (heart, vessels)
palpation (heart, vessels)
percussion (heart)
auscultation (heart)

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2
Q

methods of thoracic percussion

A

finger to finger - small animal

plessimeter and percussion hammer - large animal

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3
Q

indications for the thoracic percussion

A
  • to determine the caudal lung borders
  • estimate gas content of organs (incr./decr)
  • comparative percussion (L/R)
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4
Q

what is the order of percussion

A

exam starts form back to front, up to down

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5
Q

what fingers sould you use to percuss

A

middle finger

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6
Q

name the origin of the percussion sounds

A
  • crackling: hammer and plessimeter
  • sound of the thoracic wall or wall of organ
  • resonant sound of gas containing tissue (lung)
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7
Q

what are the main characteristics of the percussion sound

A
  • volume/ loudness
  • pitch/frequency
  • tone/resonance
  • duration
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8
Q

describe the volume

A
  • vibration amplitude

- strong/sharp - weak/dull

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9
Q

describe the pitch

A
  • number of vibrations/min

- high - low

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10
Q

describe the tone

A
  • homogenous / non-homogenous

- sonorous/resonant - damped

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11
Q

describe the duration

A

short - long

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12
Q

what is the goal of percussion

A
  • to obtain information about the condition of the surrounding tissues
  • lung border examination
  • assesment of tissue density
  • detect lesion
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13
Q

where can we use percussion

A
  • thorax
  • paranasal sinuses
  • abdoen
  • subcutaneous emphysema
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14
Q

what is the minimum size a lesion can be for it to be detected?

A

5 cm diameter minimum

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15
Q

what do we percuss if the sound is sonorous or resonant

A

air containing organ, eg normal lungs

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16
Q

what do we percuss if the sond is dull or damped

A

any organ not containing gas

liver, heart, muscle

17
Q

what to we percuss if the sound is tympanic

A

a hollow organ containing gas under pressure

gastric volvulus

18
Q

what is the normal sound of the thorax of medium and large animals (40-500kg)

A

sharp, low, (non)sonorous / resinant, and short percussion sound

19
Q

what is the normal sound of the thorax of small animals (25-40kg)

A

sharp, high, sonorous, and long percussion sound

20
Q

name three other special sounds

A
  • metallic sound: high pitched, sharp musical
  • cracked pot sound: rasping, whizzing sound with additional noises
  • hollow sound: strong, high, long, can be tympanic or not
21
Q

caudal lung border of dog

A

ventral border of tuber coxa: IC 11
tuber ischii: 10
point of shoulder: 8

22
Q

what is the cause of the displacement of the caudal border backwards and downwards

A

alveolar and interstitial lung emphysema

23
Q

what is the cause of decreased percussion area of the lung s

A

abdominal distension due to:

  • distention of stomach or intestine
  • enlarged liver
  • pregnancy
  • ascites
  • large intraabdominal tumor
24
Q

what is the cause of elevated caudoventral border

A

increase of the cardiac dullness

cardiomegaly or pericardial effusion

25
Q

what types of altered percussion sounds within the lungborders do we have

A 
relative or incomplete dullness
absolute dullness
tympanic sound
hollow sound 
metallic sound 
cracked pot sound
26
Q

describe relative/incomplete dullness

A

weak, high, short, nonmusical

27
Q

describe complete dullness

A

weaker, shorter

28
Q

what can cause incomplete or complete dullness

A
  • thickened thoracic wall
  • decreased gas content of the lungs
  • pleural effusion
  • pleuritis, haeothorax, chylothorax
  • atelectatic abdominal organs
  • atelectatic solid masses or masses filled with fluid
29
Q

what is the diernhofer triangle

A

if a dog has enlarged cardiac dullness the triangle is right behind the heart, where we find the accessory lung lobe

30
Q

what types of tympanic sounds do we have

A
  • sharp
  • weak
  • high
  • low
31
Q

what causes tympanic sounds

A
  • atelectatic parenchyma around the normal lung
    - cavern in the lung
    - open pneumothorax
  • eventrated abdominal organs filled with gas
  • ichorous pericarditis( fluid and gas in pericardium)
  • emphysema located subcutaneously
32
Q

what causes hollow sound, and what does it sound like

A
  • wasted animal with thin chest and severe lung emphysema

- low, more intensive, shorter, more nonmusical than tympanic sound

33
Q

what causes metallic sound

A
  • pneumothorax
  • large cavern within the lung
  • prolapsed stomach or intestine in the thorax
  • subcutaneous emphysema
34
Q

what causes cracked pot sound

A
  • a cavern filled with gas and located under chest wall that communicates with bronchus
  • small subcutaneous emphysema

Small Animal Medicine 1 (22 decks)

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