7. exam of resp organs percussion

Question 1

physical examinatin of the cariovascular organs

Answer 1

inspection (heart, vessels)
palpation (heart, vessels)
percussion (heart)
auscultation (heart)

Question 2

methods of thoracic percussion

Answer 2

finger to finger - small animal

plessimeter and percussion hammer - large animal

Question 3

indications for the thoracic percussion

Answer 3

• to determine the caudal lung borders
• estimate gas content of organs (incr./decr)
• comparative percussion (L/R)

Question 4

what is the order of percussion

Answer 4

exam starts form back to front, up to down

Question 5

what fingers sould you use to percuss

Answer 5

middle finger

Question 6

name the origin of the percussion sounds

Answer 6

• crackling: hammer and plessimeter
• sound of the thoracic wall or wall of organ
• resonant sound of gas containing tissue (lung)

Question 7

what are the main characteristics of the percussion sound

Answer 7

• volume/ loudness
• pitch/frequency
• tone/resonance
• duration

Question 8

describe the volume

Answer 8

• vibration amplitude

- strong/sharp - weak/dull

Question 9

describe the pitch

Answer 9

• number of vibrations/min

- high - low

Question 10

describe the tone

Answer 10

• homogenous / non-homogenous

- sonorous/resonant - damped

Question 11

describe the duration

Answer 11

short - long

Question 12

what is the goal of percussion

Answer 12

• to obtain information about the condition of the surrounding tissues
• lung border examination
• assesment of tissue density
• detect lesion

Question 13

where can we use percussion

Answer 13

• thorax
• paranasal sinuses
• abdoen
• subcutaneous emphysema

Question 14

what is the minimum size a lesion can be for it to be detected?

Answer 14

5 cm diameter minimum

Question 15

what do we percuss if the sound is sonorous or resonant

Answer 15

air containing organ, eg normal lungs

Question 16

what do we percuss if the sond is dull or damped

Answer 16

any organ not containing gas

liver, heart, muscle

Question 17

what to we percuss if the sound is tympanic

Answer 17

a hollow organ containing gas under pressure

gastric volvulus

Question 18

what is the normal sound of the thorax of medium and large animals (40-500kg)

Answer 18

sharp, low, (non)sonorous / resinant, and short percussion sound

Question 19

what is the normal sound of the thorax of small animals (25-40kg)

Answer 19

sharp, high, sonorous, and long percussion sound

Question 20

name three other special sounds

Answer 20

• metallic sound: high pitched, sharp musical
• cracked pot sound: rasping, whizzing sound with additional noises
• hollow sound: strong, high, long, can be tympanic or not

Question 21

caudal lung border of dog

Answer 21

ventral border of tuber coxa: IC 11
tuber ischii: 10
point of shoulder: 8

Question 22

what is the cause of the displacement of the caudal border backwards and downwards

Answer 22

alveolar and interstitial lung emphysema

Question 23

what is the cause of decreased percussion area of the lung s

Answer 23

abdominal distension due to:

• distention of stomach or intestine
• enlarged liver
• pregnancy
• ascites
• large intraabdominal tumor

Question 24

what is the cause of elevated caudoventral border

Answer 24

increase of the cardiac dullness

cardiomegaly or pericardial effusion

Question 25

what types of altered percussion sounds within the lungborders do we have

Answer 25

``` relative or incomplete dullness absolute dullness tympanic sound hollow sound metallic sound cracked pot sound ```

Question 26

describe relative/incomplete dullness

Answer 26

weak, high, short, nonmusical

Question 27

describe complete dullness

Answer 27

weaker, shorter

Question 28

what can cause incomplete or complete dullness

Answer 28

- thickened thoracic wall - decreased gas content of the lungs - pleural effusion - pleuritis, haeothorax, chylothorax - atelectatic abdominal organs - atelectatic solid masses or masses filled with fluid

Question 29

what is the diernhofer triangle

Answer 29

if a dog has enlarged cardiac dullness the triangle is right behind the heart, where we find the accessory lung lobe

Question 30

what types of tympanic sounds do we have

Answer 30

- sharp - weak - high - low

Question 31

what causes tympanic sounds

Answer 31

- atelectatic parenchyma around the normal lung - cavern in the lung - open pneumothorax - eventrated abdominal organs filled with gas - ichorous pericarditis( fluid and gas in pericardium) - emphysema located subcutaneously

Question 32

what causes hollow sound, and what does it sound like

Answer 32

- wasted animal with thin chest and severe lung emphysema | - low, more intensive, shorter, more nonmusical than tympanic sound

Question 33

what causes metallic sound

Answer 33

- pneumothorax - large cavern within the lung - prolapsed stomach or intestine in the thorax - subcutaneous emphysema

Question 34

what causes cracked pot sound

Answer 34

- a cavern filled with gas and located under chest wall that communicates with bronchus - small subcutaneous emphysema