20. examination of the integumentum Flashcards
1
Q
what are the parts of the integumentum?
A
- Hair coat: fur
- Skin
- External ear canal
- Planum nasale, foot pads
- Cutaneous appendages: claws, nails
- Perianal, circumanal glands
- Paraproctal glands
2
Q
define guard hairs:
A
(primary)+sebaceous gland+sweat gland+musculus arector pili
3
Q
define undercoat hairs
A
(secondary)+ sebaceous gland
4
Q
What are the phases of the cycle of the hair follicle?
A
Anagen, katagen, telogen, exogen
5
Q
What happens in the anagen phase?
A
active, growing period
6
Q
What happens in the katagen phase?
A
transitional period „self-killer keratinocytes”
7
Q
What happens in the telogen phase?
A
„resting” period, hair retained in the follicule as a „dead hairshaft”
8
Q
What happens in the exogen phase?
A
shedding phase
Seasonal, or mosaic (random) shedding
Dog, cat: mosaic, but peak in spring and autumn
9
Q
What is the hair cycle controlled by?
A
- Photoperiod
- Ambient temperature
- Nutrition
- Hormones
- General state of health
- Genetics
- Poorly understood intrinsic factors (growth factors, cytokines)
10
Q
How does the photoperiod control the hair cycle?
A
telogen: 50% in summer, 90% in winter,
indoor pet: continuous shedding
11
Q
Which hormones control the hair cycle?
A
Thiroxin, STH, CS, oestrogen
12
Q
Disorders of hair follicles:
A
Follicular atrophy, follicular dysplasia
13
Q
How does follicular atrophy develop?
A
Alteration in factors (e.g., hormons)
controlling the hair follicule cycle result in follicular atrophy.
14
Q
How does follicular dysplasia develop?
A
Alteration in factors (e.g., morphogenes) that control hair follicule structure
15
Q
Where are the apocrin sweat glands located?
A
where there are hair, more at mucocutaneous junctions, interdigital area and on the dorsum.
Not on foot pads and nasal plane.
16
Q
Where are eccrin sweat glands located?
A
ONLY on the foot pads.
Deep in the dermis, subcutis, but their ostium is on the surface of the foot pad
17
Q
what are the examination methods of the integumentum?
A
- inspection (general-local)
- palpation (pulling out hair, feathers, see „skin condition”)
- smelling, (percussion-rarely)
18
Q
What are the additional examinations of the integumentum?
A
- skin scraping
- otoscopic examination of the external ear canal
- cytology
- biopsy
- non-specific blood, urine (biochem)
- specific blood: hormon, function tests
- special: immunological test
19
Q
What do we examine when we examine the hair coat?
A
- density
- Colour (canities)
- Gloss
- Closure (How the coat fits together/to the skin)
- Occurrence of loose hair-pullability
- Stiffness
- Localisation of abnormalities
- External parasites
20
Q
Define alopecia:
A
lack of hair (partial-complete)
21
Q
Types of alopecia:
A
-hypotrichosis
22
Q
what is hypotrichosis?
A
partial hairloss, form of alopecia
23
Q
What are hypertrichosis?
A
excessive hair (hormonal, developmental)
24
Q
what can cause primary loss of hair?
A
Endocrinodermatopathies
Follicular dysplasia
25
what can cause secondary loss of hair?
trauma, inflammation
26
How can we describe different types of hair loss?
-localised-generalised, single-multiple, continuous, circumscribed, patchy-diffuse, multifocal- focal,
(multifocal patchy alopecia=„moth eaten”)
27
what are the standpoint of the condition of the skin?
1. Condition of the superficial cell layer-epidermis
2. Color and presence of haemorrhages
3. Odor (sex)
4. Temperature
5. Moistness
6. Greasiness
7. Thickness
8. Elasticity
9. Sensitivity
10. Ectoparasites
11. Skin lesions
12. Skin swellings
28
Which pigmentation do we look for?
albinism-pigmentation
29
Where do we check the temperature when it comes to the skin?
Extremities and diff. parts of the body
30
What is meant by moistness when checking the skin?
Sweating, sudation, hydrosis, hyperhydrosis
31
What do we look for when we check the greasiness of the skin?
Seborrhoea sicca / s. oleosa, palpate+smell!!!
32
What is the average thickness of the general body skin of a dog?
0.5 mm-5.0mm
33
What is the average thickness of the general body skin of a cat?
0.4 mm-2.0 mm
34
Where is the thickest skin located?
The skin is thickest on the dorsum, on the forehead, on the dorsal neck, dorsal thorax, rump and baseof the tail
35
Where is the thinnest skin located?
On the pinnae and on the axillary, inguinal and perianal areas.)
36
What is meant by the elasticity of the skin?
Turgor, dehydration, collagen and elastic fibre)
37
Sensitivity of the skin;
pruritus, hyperaesthesia, hypoaesthesia
38
what are exanthema and efflorestentia?
Skin lesions
39
Define primary skin lesion:
is the initial eruption that developes spontaneously as a direct reflection of underlying disease.
They may appear quickly and then disappear rapidly.
40
Define secondary skin lesion
evolve from primary lesions or are artifacts induced by the patients or by external factors such as trauma and medications
41
What types of primary skin lesions do we have?
Macule (patch), papule, plaque, pustule, abscess, vesicule, bulla, syst, wheal, angio, nodule, tuber (tumor)
42
What types of secondary skin lesions do we have?
Epidermal collarette, scar, excoriation, erosion, ulcer, fissure, lichenification, callus, necrosis.
43
Which skin lesions are both primary and secondary?
Alopecia, scale, crust, follicular casts, comedo, pigmentary abnormal.
44
Primary lesion, define: Macule
a circumscibed, nonpalpable spot up to 1 cm in diameter and characterized by a change in the color of the skin
45
Primary lesion, define: papules
small, solid elevation< 1 cm
| (crusted pap.) Can always be palpated as a solid mass, can be pink or red
46
Primary lesion, define: plaque
extensive, relatively flat, but large
47
Primary lesion, define: nodules/tuber
solid elevated mass >1 cm, often in deeper layers of skin.
48
Primary lesion, define:
sharply circumscribed raised lesion consisting of edema that usually appears and disappears within minutes or hours.
49
Primary lesion, define: vesicle
circumscribed elevation filled with clear fluid
50
Primary lesion, define: cysta
an epithelium-lined cavity with fluid or solid materials
51
Primary lesion, define: pustules
elevation filled with pus, abscess
52
Which pigmentation do a macule have?
Melanin pigmentation or local haemorrhage
53
What is a patch?
a macule larger than 1 cm in size
54
What can cause papula formation?
Scabies, FAD, superficial bacterial
| folliculitis, allergic contact dermatitis
55
What can cause a nodule?
Massive infiltration of inflammatory or neoplastic cells into the dermis or subcutis.
Deposition of fibrin or crystalline material also produces nodules.
56
What is angioedema?
a huge hive of a distensible region such as the lips or eyelids.
57
Define scale:
an accumulation of loose fragments of the horny
| layer of the skin (cornified cells).
58
Define crust:
formed when dried exudate, serum, pus,mblood, cells, scales, or medications adhere to the surface.
Unusually thick crusts are found in hairy areas because the dried material tends to adhere more thightly than in glabrous skin.
Can come in maaaany colors!!
59
Define comedo:
a dilated hair follicle filled with cornified cells and sebaceous material.
It is the initial lesion of feline acne and may predispose the skin to bacterial folliculitis.
60
Define follicular cast:
an accumulation of keratin and follicular material that adheres to the hair shaft
extending above the surface of the follicular ostia.
61
What can cause hypopigmentation?
primary: vitiligo-like disease
secondary: postinflammatory change
62
Define hyperpigmentation:
increased epidermal and ,
| occasionally, dermal melanin.
63
Secondary skin lesion, define: Epidermal collarette
Special type of scale arranged in a circular rim of loose keratin flakes or peeling keratin.
64
Secondary skin lesion, define: excoriation
Caused by scratching, biting or rubbing.
| They are self-produced and usually result frompruritus; they invite secondary bacterial infection.
65
Secondary skin lesion, define: erosion
Shallow epidermial defect that does not penetrate the basal laminar zone and consequently heals without scarring.
It generally results from epidermal diseases.
66
Secondary skin lesion, define: ulcer
There is a break in the continuity of the epidermis, with exposure of the underlying dermis.
A deep pathologic process is required for an ulcer to form.
67
Secondary skin lesion, define: cicatrix
Also called scars, area of fibrous tissue that has replaced the damaged dermis or subcutaneous tissue.
68
Secondary skin lesion, define: fissura
Linear cleavage into the epidermis, or through the epidermis into the dermis, caused by disease or injury.
69
Secondary skin lesion, define: lichenification
Thickening and hardening of the epidermis characterized by an exaggeration of the superficial skin markings.
Lichenification areas often result from friction.
70
Secondary skin lesion, define: callus
a thickened, rough, hyperkeratotic, alopecic, often lichenified plaque that developes on the skin.
71
Types of swellings:
1. Oedema
2. Emphysema (emphysema subcutaneum)
3. Haematoma (haematoma cutis)
4. Tumour (tumour cutis)
localization, number, size, temperature,
pain, consistency, percussion, contain
72
Types of oedema:
- oedema inflammation (phlegmone,…abscess)
- oedema stagnationis
- oedema hydraemica
73
What do we check when we find a tumor?
localization, number, size, temperature,
| pain, consistency, percussion, contain
74
What do we check on the claws and nails?
-Shape, length, colour, temperature, painfulness, consistency, tenderness
75
What are the cutaneous appendages?
Claws and nails
76
What does Onychomadesis mean?
complete loss
77
What does Onychorrhexis mean?
crumbling
78
What do we check in the external ear?
- head position
- position of the external ear
- shape of the ear
- skin of the ear pinnae and external ear canal
- pain, sensitivity of the basis of the ear
79
External ear: instrument:
We use otoscopy: skin inside, earwax
| (cerumen), ear drum
