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Small Animal Medicine 1 > 20. examination of the integumentum > Flashcards

20. examination of the integumentum Flashcards

1
Q

what are the parts of the integumentum?

A
  • Hair coat: fur
  • Skin
  • External ear canal
  • Planum nasale, foot pads
  • Cutaneous appendages: claws, nails
  • Perianal, circumanal glands
  • Paraproctal glands
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2
Q

define guard hairs:

A

(primary)+sebaceous gland+sweat gland+musculus arector pili

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3
Q

define undercoat hairs

A

(secondary)+ sebaceous gland

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4
Q

What are the phases of the cycle of the hair follicle?

A

Anagen, katagen, telogen, exogen

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5
Q

What happens in the anagen phase?

A

active, growing period

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6
Q

What happens in the katagen phase?

A

transitional period „self-killer keratinocytes”

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7
Q

What happens in the telogen phase?

A

„resting” period, hair retained in the follicule as a „dead hairshaft”

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8
Q

What happens in the exogen phase?

A

shedding phase
Seasonal, or mosaic (random) shedding
Dog, cat: mosaic, but peak in spring and autumn

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9
Q

What is the hair cycle controlled by?

A
  • Photoperiod
  • Ambient temperature
  • Nutrition
  • Hormones
  • General state of health
  • Genetics
  • Poorly understood intrinsic factors (growth factors, cytokines)
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10
Q

How does the photoperiod control the hair cycle?

A

telogen: 50% in summer, 90% in winter,

indoor pet: continuous shedding

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11
Q

Which hormones control the hair cycle?

A

Thiroxin, STH, CS, oestrogen

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12
Q

Disorders of hair follicles:

A

Follicular atrophy, follicular dysplasia

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13
Q

How does follicular atrophy develop?

A

Alteration in factors (e.g., hormons)

controlling the hair follicule cycle result in follicular atrophy.

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14
Q

How does follicular dysplasia develop?

A

Alteration in factors (e.g., morphogenes) that control hair follicule structure

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15
Q

Where are the apocrin sweat glands located?

A

where there are hair, more at mucocutaneous junctions, interdigital area and on the dorsum.
Not on foot pads and nasal plane.

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16
Q

Where are eccrin sweat glands located?

A

ONLY on the foot pads.

Deep in the dermis, subcutis, but their ostium is on the surface of the foot pad

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17
Q

what are the examination methods of the integumentum?

A
  • inspection (general-local)
  • palpation (pulling out hair, feathers, see „skin condition”)
  • smelling, (percussion-rarely)
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18
Q

What are the additional examinations of the integumentum?

A
  • skin scraping
  • otoscopic examination of the external ear canal
  • cytology
  • biopsy
  • non-specific blood, urine (biochem)
  • specific blood: hormon, function tests
  • special: immunological test
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19
Q

What do we examine when we examine the hair coat?

A
  1. density
  2. Colour (canities)
  3. Gloss
  4. Closure (How the coat fits together/to the skin)
  5. Occurrence of loose hair-pullability
  6. Stiffness
  7. Localisation of abnormalities
  8. External parasites
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20
Q

Define alopecia:

A

lack of hair (partial-complete)

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21
Q

Types of alopecia:

A

-hypotrichosis

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22
Q

what is hypotrichosis?

A

partial hairloss, form of alopecia

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23
Q

What are hypertrichosis?

A

excessive hair (hormonal, developmental)

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24
Q

what can cause primary loss of hair?

A

Endocrinodermatopathies

Follicular dysplasia

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25
Q

what can cause secondary loss of hair?

A

trauma, inflammation

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26
Q

How can we describe different types of hair loss?

A

-localised-generalised, single-multiple, continuous, circumscribed, patchy-diffuse, multifocal- focal,
(multifocal patchy alopecia=„moth eaten”)

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27
Q

what are the standpoint of the condition of the skin?

A
  1. Condition of the superficial cell layer-epidermis
  2. Color and presence of haemorrhages
  3. Odor (sex)
  4. Temperature
  5. Moistness
  6. Greasiness
  7. Thickness
  8. Elasticity
  9. Sensitivity
  10. Ectoparasites
  11. Skin lesions
  12. Skin swellings
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28
Q

Which pigmentation do we look for?

A

albinism-pigmentation

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29
Q

Where do we check the temperature when it comes to the skin?

A

Extremities and diff. parts of the body

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30
Q

What is meant by moistness when checking the skin?

A

Sweating, sudation, hydrosis, hyperhydrosis

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31
Q

What do we look for when we check the greasiness of the skin?

A

Seborrhoea sicca / s. oleosa, palpate+smell!!!

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32
Q

What is the average thickness of the general body skin of a dog?

A

0.5 mm-5.0mm

33
Q

What is the average thickness of the general body skin of a cat?

A

0.4 mm-2.0 mm

34
Q

Where is the thickest skin located?

A

The skin is thickest on the dorsum, on the forehead, on the dorsal neck, dorsal thorax, rump and baseof the tail

35
Q

Where is the thinnest skin located?

A

On the pinnae and on the axillary, inguinal and perianal areas.)

36
Q

What is meant by the elasticity of the skin?

A

Turgor, dehydration, collagen and elastic fibre)

37
Q

Sensitivity of the skin;

A

pruritus, hyperaesthesia, hypoaesthesia

38
Q

what are exanthema and efflorestentia?

A

Skin lesions

39
Q

Define primary skin lesion:

A

is the initial eruption that developes spontaneously as a direct reflection of underlying disease.
They may appear quickly and then disappear rapidly.

40
Q

Define secondary skin lesion

A

evolve from primary lesions or are artifacts induced by the patients or by external factors such as trauma and medications

41
Q

What types of primary skin lesions do we have?

A

Macule (patch), papule, plaque, pustule, abscess, vesicule, bulla, syst, wheal, angio, nodule, tuber (tumor)

42
Q

What types of secondary skin lesions do we have?

A

Epidermal collarette, scar, excoriation, erosion, ulcer, fissure, lichenification, callus, necrosis.

43
Q

Which skin lesions are both primary and secondary?

A

Alopecia, scale, crust, follicular casts, comedo, pigmentary abnormal.

44
Q

Primary lesion, define: Macule

A

a circumscibed, nonpalpable spot up to 1 cm in diameter and characterized by a change in the color of the skin

45
Q

Primary lesion, define: papules

A

small, solid elevation< 1 cm

(crusted pap.) Can always be palpated as a solid mass, can be pink or red

46
Q

Primary lesion, define: plaque

A

extensive, relatively flat, but large

47
Q

Primary lesion, define: nodules/tuber

A

solid elevated mass >1 cm, often in deeper layers of skin.

48
Q

Primary lesion, define:

A

sharply circumscribed raised lesion consisting of edema that usually appears and disappears within minutes or hours.

49
Q

Primary lesion, define: vesicle

A

circumscribed elevation filled with clear fluid

50
Q

Primary lesion, define: cysta

A

an epithelium-lined cavity with fluid or solid materials

51
Q

Primary lesion, define: pustules

A

elevation filled with pus, abscess

52
Q

Which pigmentation do a macule have?

A

Melanin pigmentation or local haemorrhage

53
Q

What is a patch?

A

a macule larger than 1 cm in size

54
Q

What can cause papula formation?

A

Scabies, FAD, superficial bacterial

folliculitis, allergic contact dermatitis

55
Q

What can cause a nodule?

A

Massive infiltration of inflammatory or neoplastic cells into the dermis or subcutis.

Deposition of fibrin or crystalline material also produces nodules.

56
Q

What is angioedema?

A

a huge hive of a distensible region such as the lips or eyelids.

57
Q

Define scale:

A

an accumulation of loose fragments of the horny

layer of the skin (cornified cells).

58
Q

Define crust:

A

formed when dried exudate, serum, pus,mblood, cells, scales, or medications adhere to the surface.

Unusually thick crusts are found in hairy areas because the dried material tends to adhere more thightly than in glabrous skin.

Can come in maaaany colors!!

59
Q

Define comedo:

A

a dilated hair follicle filled with cornified cells and sebaceous material.
It is the initial lesion of feline acne and may predispose the skin to bacterial folliculitis.

60
Q

Define follicular cast:

A

an accumulation of keratin and follicular material that adheres to the hair shaft
extending above the surface of the follicular ostia.

61
Q

What can cause hypopigmentation?

A

primary: vitiligo-like disease
secondary: postinflammatory change

62
Q

Define hyperpigmentation:

A

increased epidermal and ,

occasionally, dermal melanin.

63
Q

Secondary skin lesion, define: Epidermal collarette

A

Special type of scale arranged in a circular rim of loose keratin flakes or peeling keratin.

64
Q

Secondary skin lesion, define: excoriation

A

Caused by scratching, biting or rubbing.

They are self-produced and usually result frompruritus; they invite secondary bacterial infection.

65
Q

Secondary skin lesion, define: erosion

A

Shallow epidermial defect that does not penetrate the basal laminar zone and consequently heals without scarring.

It generally results from epidermal diseases.

66
Q

Secondary skin lesion, define: ulcer

A

There is a break in the continuity of the epidermis, with exposure of the underlying dermis.

A deep pathologic process is required for an ulcer to form.

67
Q

Secondary skin lesion, define: cicatrix

A

Also called scars, area of fibrous tissue that has replaced the damaged dermis or subcutaneous tissue.

68
Q

Secondary skin lesion, define: fissura

A

Linear cleavage into the epidermis, or through the epidermis into the dermis, caused by disease or injury.

69
Q

Secondary skin lesion, define: lichenification

A

Thickening and hardening of the epidermis characterized by an exaggeration of the superficial skin markings.

Lichenification areas often result from friction.

70
Q

Secondary skin lesion, define: callus

A

a thickened, rough, hyperkeratotic, alopecic, often lichenified plaque that developes on the skin.

71
Q

Types of swellings:

A
  1. Oedema
  2. Emphysema (emphysema subcutaneum)
  3. Haematoma (haematoma cutis)
  4. Tumour (tumour cutis)
    localization, number, size, temperature,
    pain, consistency, percussion, contain
72
Q

Types of oedema:

A
  • oedema inflammation (phlegmone,…abscess)
  • oedema stagnationis
  • oedema hydraemica
73
Q

What do we check when we find a tumor?

A

localization, number, size, temperature,

pain, consistency, percussion, contain

74
Q

What do we check on the claws and nails?

A

-Shape, length, colour, temperature, painfulness, consistency, tenderness

75
Q

What are the cutaneous appendages?

A

Claws and nails

76
Q

What does Onychomadesis mean?

A

complete loss

77
Q

What does Onychorrhexis mean?

A

crumbling

78
Q

What do we check in the external ear?

A
  • head position
  • position of the external ear
  • shape of the ear
  • skin of the ear pinnae and external ear canal
  • pain, sensitivity of the basis of the ear
79
Q

External ear: instrument:

A

We use otoscopy: skin inside, earwax

(cerumen), ear drum

Small Animal Medicine 1 (22 decks)

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