19exam of spinal refelx and pain sensation Flashcards
spinal reflexes
definition of a reflex, cranial or spinal
an involuntaruy an immediate response to an appropriate stimulus
spinal reflexes
evaluation grades of a reflex
0-areflexia 1-hyporeflexia 2-normorflexia 3-hyperreflexia 4-hyperreflexia with clonus
spinal reflexes
what is hyperreflexia with clonus
series of rapid contraction of a muscle in response to a single stimulus
spinal reflexes
what abnormal reflexes do we have
reflex irradiation contralateral reflex (crossed)
spinal reflexes
what is reflex irradiation
a reflex elicited in a larger area or muscle group than expected
spinal reflexes
what is contralateral reflex
a reflex elicited in response to a stimulus applied to the other side of the body
spinal reflexes
classification of spinal refelexes
propriceptive reflexes (myotatic, streatch) nociceptive reflexes (pain)
spinal reflexes
list the propriceptive reflexes
thoracic limb reflexes
extensor carpi radialis reflex
triceps reflex
biceps refelx
pelvic limb refelx
patellar reflex (quadriceps) important
achilles refelx ( gastrocnemius)spinal reflexes
list the nociceptive reflexes
flexor reflex (withdrawal)
perineal reflex
panniculus reflex
(all are important)
spinal reflexes
extensor carpi radialis reflex
name the nerve and the center
afferent and efferent nerve: n. radialis
center: C7-T1
spinal reflexes
triceps refelx
name the nerve and the center
afferent and efferent nerve: n. radialsi
center: C7-T1
spinal reflexes
biceps reflex
name the nerve and the center
afferent and efferent nerve: n. musculocutaneous
center: C6-C8
spinal reflexes
biceps reflex
how is it done
- forefinger placed on the tendon of biceps muscle and the finger is struck
- the tendon is directly struck (difficult)
spinal reflexes
patellar reflex
nerve and center
afferent and efferent nerve: n. femoralis
center: L4-L6
spinal reflexes
achilles reflex
nerve and center
afferent and efferent nerve: n. sciaticus (tibialis)
center: L6-S2
spinal reflexes
flexor (withdrawal) reflex
thoracic limb
thoracic center: C6-T1
all flexors are involved
squeeze the paw?
not the same as a concious pain sensation
spinal reflexes
flexor (withdrawal) reflex
pelvic limb
pelvic limb center: L4-S1
all flexor muscles are involved
pinch the interdigital web between any of the digits
spinal reflexes
preineal reflex
nerves and center
afferent nerve: n. pudendalis
efferent nerve:
anal sphincter: n. pudendalis
tail flexion: n. rectalis caudalis
center: S1-S3
spinal reflexes
panniculus reflex
nerves and center
afferent nerve: spinal segments
efferent nerve: n. thoracicus lateralis
center: C7-T1
spinal reflexes
panniculus reflex
how is it done
pinch skin at level of L7
bilateral contraction of cutaneous trnci muscle should be seen
examination of pain perception
how can we provoke superficial pain
skin /mucous membrane: pinching with haemostat or prick with needle
pain provoking percussion
examination of pain perception
what is normal response to superficial pain
skin twitch, leg withdrawal = spinal reflex
behavioural: crying, biting, turning to direction of pai
concious pain perception
examination of pain perception
what is the pathway of superficial pain
receptor - spinal ganglion - thalamus - cortex
examination of pain perception
list the evaluation of the superficial pain
normaesthesia
hyperaesthesia
anaesthesia
paraesthesia
