7.2- Encoding & Retrieving Memories

Question 1

maintenance rehearsal

Answer 1

prolonging exposure to information by repeating it

Question 2

elaborative rehersal

Answer 2

prolonging exposure to info by thinking about its memory

Question 3

shallow processing

Answer 3

encoding more superficial properties of a stimulus, such as the sound or spelling of a word

Question 4

deep processing

Answer 4

generally related to encoding info about an items meaning or its function

Question 5

the self-reference effect

Answer 5

occurs when you think about information in terms of how it relates to you or how it is useful to you

Question 6

recognition

Answer 6

identifying a stimulus or piece of info when it is presented to you

Question 7

recall

Answer 7

retrieving info when asked, but without that info being presented during the retrieval process [describing a friends appearance to someone else]

Question 8

encoding specificity prinicple

Answer 8

the retrieval is the most effective when the conditions at the same time of encoding and retrieval are the same

Question 9

state-dependent memory

Answer 9

a retrieval is more effective when your internal state matches the state you were in during encoding

Question 10

mood-dependent memory

Answer 10

indicate that people remember better if their mood at retrieval matches their mood during encoding

Question 11

weapon focus

Answer 11

the tendency to focus on a weapon at the expense of peripheral info- including the identity of the person holding the weapon

Question 12

flashbulb memory

Answer 12

a extremely vivid and detailed memory about an event and the conditions surrounding how one learned about the event

Question 13

the forgetting curve

Answer 13

shows that most forgetting occurs right away, and that the rate of forgetting eventually slows to the point where one does not seem to forget at all

Question 14

mnemonic

Answer 14

technique intended to improve memory for specific information

Question 15

method of loci (low-sigh)

Answer 15

a mnemonic that connects words to be remembered to locations along a familiar path

Question 16

first-letter technique

Answer 16

uses the first letters of a set of items to spell out words that form a sentence [N,E,S,W- never eat shredded wheat]

Question 17

dual coding

Answer 17

occurs when information is stored in more than one form [verbal description + visual images]

Question 18

desirable difficulties

Answer 18

technique that make studying slower and more effortful, but results in better overall remembering [spread out studying»> cramming]

Question 19

testing effect

Answer 19

the finding that taking practice tests can improve exam performance, even without additional studying

Question 20

context dependent memory

Answer 20

the idea that retrieval is more effective when its taken place in the same physical setting [context- environment]