10.1- Fetus Development AND 10.2 - Infancy and childhood Flashcards
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
consists of abnormalities in mental functioning, growth, and physical development in the offspring of women who use alcohol during pregnancy
preterm infants
born earlier than 36 weeks - often have undeveloped brains and lungs
skin-to-skin contact is also referred to as…
kangaroo care
teratogenes
substances such as drugs or environmental toxins that impair the process of development
NIDCAP
individualized development care and assessment program
before the 18th month of prenatal development infants seem to…
listen and remember sounds from outside the womb
reflexes
involuntary muscular reactions to specific types of stimulation
baby reflex #1 : rooting reflex
helps feeding
baby reflex #2 : moro reflex
holding onto matter when failing
baby reflex #3 : grasping reflex
safely holding onto caregiver
baby reflex #4 : stepping returns
learning to walk
neural processes
help to coordinate the functioning of the developing brain
neural process 1) synaptogenesis
describes the forming of new synaptic connecting
neural process 2) synaptic pruning
the loss of weak nerve cell connections
sensitive periods
windows of time during which exposure to a specific type of environmental stimulation is needed for normal development for a specific ability (ex: exposure to speech in first few years of life in order to be able to become fluent to that language)
Who is Jean Piaget?
developed theories on children’s ability to mentally develop and expand (unorthodox manner)
laid the base for cognitive development
cognitive development
the study of changes in memory, thought, and reasoning processes that occur throughout the lifespan [according to piaget: learning involves 2 central process]
learning central process #1) assimilation
fitting new information into the belief system you already possess (all girls have long hair) …belief changes over time…
learning central process #2 ) Accomidation
a creative process whereby people modify their belief structures based on experience (makes sense of the world) [belief changes] (not all girls have long hair)
Piaget believed that children pass through…
4 distinct stages from birth through early adolescence…
stage 1) sensorimotor
(0-2 years) direct sensory experience with the world (seeing, feeling, grabbing, and mouthing)
stage 2) preoperational
(2-7 years) thinking moves beyond immediate appearance of objects (symbols, pretend to play)
stage 3) concrete operational
(7-11 years) thinking becomes logical and organized
stage 4) formal operational
(7-11 years) abstract and hypothetical thinking develops (ex: algebra)
zone of proximal development
development is ideal when children attempt skills and activities that are just beyond what they can do alone, but they have guidance from adults who are attentive to their progress
scaffolding
highly attentive approach to teaching in which the teacher matches guidance to the learners need
attachment
the enduring emotional bond formed between individual’s, initially between infants and care givers (emotional attachment with moms)
strange situation test
a way of measuring infant attachment by observing how infants behave when exposed to different experiences that involve anxiety and comfort
attachment type #1) secure attachment
child occasionally “checks in”
attachment type #2) insecure attachment - anxious/ambolvant
too dependent
attachment type #2) insecure attachment - avoidance
behaves as though they DONT NEED the parents
attachment type #3) disorganized
pulling away
psychological systems 1) the attachment behavioural cycle
focused on meeting our own needs for security (primary)
psychological systems 2) caregiving behavioural systems
focused on meeting the needs of others (secondary)
[feel insecure… “other people can’t help”]
introjection
the internalization of the conditional regard of significant others (pressure to do well)
inductive discipline
involves explaining the consequences of a child’s actions on other people, activating empathy for other feelings (moral development/ healthy attachment)
between 18 and 24 months a toddler begins to gain…
self-awareness: the ability to recognize ones individuality
mirror recognition
indicates that toddlers have developed a mental representation (or mental image) of themselves as a independent being
egocentric (young child)
meaning that they consider only their own perspective (lack of cognitive ability to understand the perspective of others)
Piaget believed kids were egocentric until…
age 7
theory of mind
the ability to understand that other people have thoughts, beliefs, and perspectives that may be different from ones own
