10.1- Fetus Development AND 10.2 - Infancy and childhood

Question 1

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

Answer 1

consists of abnormalities in mental functioning, growth, and physical development in the offspring of women who use alcohol during pregnancy

Question 1

preterm infants

Answer 1

born earlier than 36 weeks - often have undeveloped brains and lungs

Question 2

skin-to-skin contact is also referred to as…

Answer 2

kangaroo care

Question 3

teratogenes

Answer 3

substances such as drugs or environmental toxins that impair the process of development

Question 4

NIDCAP

Answer 4

individualized development care and assessment program

Question 5

before the 18th month of prenatal development infants seem to…

Answer 5

listen and remember sounds from outside the womb

Question 6

reflexes

Answer 6

involuntary muscular reactions to specific types of stimulation

Question 7

baby reflex #1 : rooting reflex

Answer 7

helps feeding

Question 8

baby reflex #2 : moro reflex

Answer 8

holding onto matter when failing

Question 9

baby reflex #3 : grasping reflex

Answer 9

safely holding onto caregiver

Question 10

baby reflex #4 : stepping returns

Answer 10

learning to walk

Question 11

neural processes

Answer 11

help to coordinate the functioning of the developing brain

Question 12

neural process 1) synaptogenesis

Answer 12

describes the forming of new synaptic connecting

Question 13

neural process 2) synaptic pruning

Answer 13

the loss of weak nerve cell connections

Question 14

sensitive periods

Answer 14

windows of time during which exposure to a specific type of environmental stimulation is needed for normal development for a specific ability (ex: exposure to speech in first few years of life in order to be able to become fluent to that language)

Question 15

Who is Jean Piaget?

Answer 15

developed theories on children’s ability to mentally develop and expand (unorthodox manner)
laid the base for cognitive development

Question 16

cognitive development

Answer 16

the study of changes in memory, thought, and reasoning processes that occur throughout the lifespan [according to piaget: learning involves 2 central process]

Question 17

learning central process #1) assimilation

Answer 17

fitting new information into the belief system you already possess (all girls have long hair) …belief changes over time…

Question 18

learning central process #2 ) Accomidation

Answer 18

a creative process whereby people modify their belief structures based on experience (makes sense of the world) [belief changes] (not all girls have long hair)

Question 19

Piaget believed that children pass through…

Answer 19

4 distinct stages from birth through early adolescence…

Question 20

stage 1) sensorimotor

Answer 20

(0-2 years) direct sensory experience with the world (seeing, feeling, grabbing, and mouthing)

Question 21

stage 2) preoperational

Answer 21

(2-7 years) thinking moves beyond immediate appearance of objects (symbols, pretend to play)

Question 22

stage 3) concrete operational

Answer 22

(7-11 years) thinking becomes logical and organized

Question 23

stage 4) formal operational

Answer 23

(7-11 years) abstract and hypothetical thinking develops (ex: algebra)

Question 24

zone of proximal development

Answer 24

development is ideal when children attempt skills and activities that are just beyond what they can do alone, but they have guidance from adults who are attentive to their progress

Question 25

scaffolding

Answer 25

highly attentive approach to teaching in which the teacher matches guidance to the learners need

Question 26

attachment

Answer 26

the enduring emotional bond formed between individual’s, initially between infants and care givers (emotional attachment with moms)

Question 27

strange situation test

Answer 27

a way of measuring infant attachment by observing how infants behave when exposed to different experiences that involve anxiety and comfort

Question 28

attachment type #1) secure attachment

Answer 28

child occasionally “checks in”

Question 29

attachment type #2) insecure attachment - anxious/ambolvant

Answer 29

too dependent

Question 30

attachment type #2) insecure attachment - avoidance

Answer 30

behaves as though they DONT NEED the parents

Question 31

attachment type #3) disorganized

Answer 31

pulling away

Question 32

psychological systems 1) the attachment behavioural cycle

Answer 32

focused on meeting our own needs for security (primary)

Question 33

psychological systems 2) caregiving behavioural systems

Answer 33

focused on meeting the needs of others (secondary)
[feel insecure… “other people can’t help”]

Question 34

introjection

Answer 34

the internalization of the conditional regard of significant others (pressure to do well)

Question 35

inductive discipline

Answer 35

involves explaining the consequences of a child’s actions on other people, activating empathy for other feelings (moral development/ healthy attachment)

Question 36

between 18 and 24 months a toddler begins to gain…

Answer 36

self-awareness: the ability to recognize ones individuality

Question 37

mirror recognition

Answer 37

indicates that toddlers have developed a mental representation (or mental image) of themselves as a independent being

Question 38

egocentric (young child)

Answer 38

meaning that they consider only their own perspective (lack of cognitive ability to understand the perspective of others)

Question 39

Piaget believed kids were egocentric until…

Answer 39

age 7

Question 40

theory of mind

Answer 40

the ability to understand that other people have thoughts, beliefs, and perspectives that may be different from ones own