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PSY1017- Cognitive Psychology with Research Methods 1 > 7- Long-Term Memory > Flashcards

7- Long-Term Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

How much space does LTM have?

A

Unlimited

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2
Q

How much storage does LTM have?

A

Infinite

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3
Q

How does James define LTM?

A

Secondary memory- absent info from consciousness

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4
Q

What 2 mechanisms are involved with LTM?

A

Potentiation and depotentiation

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5
Q

What does potentiation do?

A

Maintain memories and strengthen synapses

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6
Q

What does depotentiation do?

A

Forget memories and weaken synapses

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7
Q

What kind of disorder is amnesia?

A

Permanent and pervasive

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8
Q

How is amnesia characterised?

A

A disconnection between STM and LTM

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9
Q

What are the 3 ways Parkin defines amnesia?

A

Intact STM
Mild retrograde amnesia
Severe anterograde amnesia

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10
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

Damage to memory for events that occurred before onset of amnesia

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11
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

Damage to memory for events that occurred after onset of amnesia

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12
Q

What are the 2 primary divisions of LTM?

A

Non-declarative/implicit memory, and declarative/explicit memory

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13
Q

What are the 2 divisions of non-declarative memory?

A

Procedural memory and repetition priming

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14
Q

What are the 2 divisions of procedural memory?

A

Skill learning and habit learning

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15
Q

What are the 2 divisions of declarative memory?

A

Semantic and episodic memory

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16
Q

What are the 2 divisions of episodic memory?

A

Prospective and autobiographical memory

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17
Q

What is the oldest type of LTM?

A

Non-declarative memory

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18
Q

How is non-declarative memory accessed?

A

Unconsciously

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19
Q

Can non-declarative memory be reported verbally?

A

No

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20
Q

What is non-declarative memory based on?

A

Previous unconscious experience

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21
Q

What is non-declarative memory about?

A

Knowing how

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22
Q

Is non-declarative memory intact in amnesia?

A

Yes

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23
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

Knowledge of skills we gain over time

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24
Q

What is procedural memory about?

A

How to perform skills and actions

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25
Q

Is skill learning conscious or unconscious?

A

Unconscious

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26
Q

What is skill learning mostly associated with?

A

Motor performance

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27
Q

How is skill learning acquired to become automatic?

A

Over time by practice

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28
Q

How is habit learning acquired?

A

Over time by repeated associations between stimuli and responses

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29
Q

What does habit learning involve?

A

Learning a set of associations that can’t be memorised

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30
Q

How do you change a habit?

A

Repetition of new behaviour

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31
Q

What does priming refer to?

A

An implicit memory effect

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32
Q

What is an implicit memory effect?

A

Exposure to a stimulus affects a subsequent response

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33
Q

What is the time taken for repetition priming associated with?

A

Time taken to make information accessible based on information provided

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34
Q

What are the 2 types of priming?

A

Perceptual and conceptual

35
Q

What is perceptual priming?

A

Stimulus form is salient

36
Q

What is conceptual priming?

A

Stimulus meaning is salient

37
Q

What does declarative memory involve?

A

Conscious recollection

38
Q

Can declarative memory be reported verbally?

A

Yes

39
Q

What is declarative memory based on?

A

Our previous conscious experience

40
Q

What is declarative memory about?

A

Knowing that

41
Q

Why is declarative memory damaged in amnesia?

A

Because it is very sensitive

42
Q

What are the 3 ways of testing declarative memory?

A

Recognition, cued recall, free recall

43
Q

What is the recognition test?

A

Verifying the correctness of information

44
Q

What is the cued recall test?

A

Recall information with the help of cues/hints

45
Q

What is the free recall test?

A

Recall information without cues/hints

46
Q

What memory is involved in episodic memory?

A

Memory for events, experiences, and episodes

47
Q

What does episodic memory enable us to do?

A

Consciously re-experience past events

48
Q

What does episodic memory rely on for recall?

A

Temporal context

49
Q

What do we rely on episodic memory for?

A

Communication

50
Q

What is the problem with reconstructing past events?

A

It is not always accurate

51
Q

What are the 3 key properties of episodic memory according to Tulving?

A

Associates with our subjective sense of time
Connects to self
Associates with autonoetic consciousness of self-knowing

52
Q

What is prospective memory about?

A

Imagining future events

53
Q

What does prospective memory allow?

A

Forward planning and carrying out intended actions

54
Q

What is the ability involved from prospective memory?

A

Ability to remember to remember

55
Q

How is prospective memory triggered?

A

Self-initiated

56
Q

Is prospective memory interrupted in amnesia?

A

Yes

57
Q

What are the 2 different types of prospective memory?

A

Event-based and time-based

58
Q

What is the most personal aspect of LTM?

A

Autobiographical memory

59
Q

What is autobiographical memory for?

A

Personally experienced events and episodes, as well as life histories

60
Q

How is autobiographical memory time-marked?

A

As belonging to a particular phase in our lives

61
Q

What is autobiographical memory a combination of?

A

Episodic and semantic memories

62
Q

What is personal semantic information?

A

Facts about ourselves

63
Q

What is personal episodic information?

A

Personally experienced effects

64
Q

What is false memory?

A

Inaccurate recollections of events that didn’t occur or distortion of events that occurred

65
Q

How does imagination inflation strengthen false memory?

A

By repeating it

66
Q

What is deja vu?

A

An illusion of autobiographical memory

67
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms involved in false memory?

A

Split perception, implicit memory, Gestalt familiarity

68
Q

What is split perception?

A

A brief glance before conscious seeing

69
Q

What is implicit memory?

A

A forgotten experience but we think it is familiar

70
Q

What is Gestalt familiarity?

A

Similar to a previous experience

71
Q

What does semantic memory store?

A

General knowledge of facts, concepts and language including symbols, their meaning, and their associations

72
Q

What doesn’t semantic memory rely on for recall?

A

Temporal context

73
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

Knowing and not remembering

74
Q

How is semantic memory opposite to episodic memory?

A

It is not personal

75
Q

What is permastore?

A

A stabilisation of knowledge in semantic memory that resists forgetting

76
Q

What is metamemory?

A

The supervisor of our memories

77
Q

What ability does metamemory have?

A

To monitor and inspect the content of memory

78
Q

What is metamemory about?

A

Our knowledge about what we stored in memory

79
Q

What does metamemory allow us to do?

A

Know whether we know something

80
Q

Does metamemory remain intact after amnesia?

A

Yes

81
Q

What happened to HM?

A

Parts of his temporal lobe were removed to reduce epilepsy

82
Q

What were HM’s 2 symptoms after surgery?

A

Intact short-term memory
Impaired memory for ongoing events

83
Q

What 3 aspects of LTM did HM teach us about?

A

Particular brain regions are responsible for LTM
LTM encompasses different abilities
Memory is separable from language, perceptual and cognitive functions

PSY1017- Cognitive Psychology with Research Methods 1 (37 decks)

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