4- Speech Production and Perception

Question 1

What decides phonemes produced?

Answer 1

The place of articulation

Question 2

What is the place of articulation?

Answer 2

Where air flow is obstructed

Question 3

What is the moving articulator?

Answer 3

Part of the tongue

Question 4

What is the passive articulator?

Answer 4

Part of roof of mouth

Question 5

What is the manner of articulation?

Answer 5

How air flow is obstructed

Question 6

Where are vocal chords?

Answer 6

Inside the larynx

Question 7

Why do vocal chords vibrate?

Answer 7

To modulate flow of air being expelled from lungs to change the sound we make

Question 8

How are different sounds created?

Answer 8

By obstructing the flow in different ways

Question 9

What are the seven steps of sound being produced?

Answer 9

1. Air is generated by the lungs
2. It flows through the vocal tract
3. It vibrates over vocal chords
4. It is filtered by facial muscle activity
5. It is released out of the mouth and nose
6. Vocal tract is a tube- sound actually takes place in oral cavity
7. Air flow can be restricted and altered by positions of the teeth, tongue, lips and other facial muscles in the oral cavity

Question 10

What is the glottal stop?

Answer 10

The glottis is closed so air is no longer flowing through the airway

Question 11

Do people prefer listening or reading?

Answer 11

Listening

Question 12

Is speech or reading more complex and why?

Answer 12

Speech because there is more variation in speech signal

Question 13

Is speech or reading more effortful to us?

Answer 13

Reading

Question 14

What is the segmentation problem?

Answer 14

Speech is a continuous stream of sound so we can’t just use speech signal to understand language

Question 15

What is bottom-up processing?

Answer 15

Taking the sensory stimuli and using that to understand what the words are

Question 16

What is top-down processing?

Answer 16

Using your knowledge

Question 17

What may we base segmenting words on?

Answer 17

Based on our knowledge of the language and word structure

Question 18

What is the word legality problem?

Answer 18

We are likely to reject any word segmentation that results in impossible words

Question 19

What is stress in language?

Answer 19

The first syllable is typically stressed in English so we can use this as a cue to segment words

Question 20

What finding was the result when the second syllable instead of the first was stressed?

Answer 20

People couldn’t segment when second syllable was stressed

Question 21

What did Warren find when he investigated the Phonemic Restoration Effect?

Answer 21

No participants recognised the missing phoneme

Question 22

What is the phonemic restoration effect?

Answer 22

The brain filled in the missing phoneme in the absence of a phoneme

Question 23

What type of processing is indicated in the phonemic restoration effect?

Answer 23

Top-down

Question 24

Why is the specific role of context controversial?

Answer 24

There is disagreement in whether processing is top-down or bottom-up

Question 25

What are the two most prominent theories of spoken word recognition?

Answer 25

TRACE and the cohort model

Question 26

Who came up with the TRACE model?

Answer 26

McClelland & Elman, 1986

Question 27

What does the TRACE model explain?

Answer 27

Use of relationships among auditory features, phonemes, and words

Question 28

What is the TRACE model?

Answer 28

A computer that is meant to recognise speech in the same way that humans do- hearing each phoneme activates neural activity, system process activation to next phoneme until we can hear the word

Question 29

What give a boost in the TRACE model?

Answer 29

Semantically related concepts and phonologically related concepts

Question 30

2 positive aspects of the TRACE model

Answer 30

Can explain context effects
Allows for the use of higher-level information

Question 31

2 negative aspects of the TRACE model

Answer 31

Overestimates influences of context and predicts top-down effects that don’t exist
Cannot handle level of ambiguity

Question 32

Who came up with the cohort model?

Answer 32

Marslen-Wilson, 1984

Question 33

What two factors influences the candidate model?

Answer 33

Auditory presentation of the word
Semantic/syntactic context

Question 34

When can a word be recognised before its uniqueness point? (cohort model)

Answer 34

Only if the context supports only one candidate in the cohort

Question 35

Why would the word ‘trespass’ be recognised before the uniqueness point?

Answer 35

Due to a lack of variable alternative candidates in the cohort

Question 36

How can we recognise a word according to the cohort model?

Answer 36

We strip down the cohort as we hear more and more phonemes

Question 37

1 positive point of the cohort model

Answer 37

Allows for use of higher-level information to limit lower-level information

Question 38

3 negative aspects of the cohort model

Answer 38

If first phoneme is mispronounced, we would never be able to recognise a word according to model
Findings suggest that context does not eliminate words from the cohort
Can’t account for sometimes getting the first phoneme wrong

Question 39

What did participants do in cross-modal priming studies?

Answer 39

Complete a lexical decision task while listening to a sentence

Question 40

How can language comprehension be affected in cross-modal priming?

Answer 40

By manipulating auditory stimuli

Question 41

How is the revised cohort model different from the original cohort model?

Answer 41

Context no longer is allowed to influence early stages, including the initial cohort
Words are not totally eliminated from the cohort- activation level decreases and can be revived later if new information comes in