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CG AICP > 6: AOP - Transportation Planning > Flashcards

6: AOP - Transportation Planning Flashcards

1
Q

ITE’s “Parking Generation”

A

Medical: .10 - .75 parking spaces per employee employee

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2
Q

LOS (level of service) - 3 main measures

A

Density in cars per mile per lane, space mean speed, and the demand flow rate to capacity ratio.

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3
Q

LOS (level of service ratings)

A

FFS (Free-flow speed)
A: Unimpeded FFS. Vehicles maneuver with no obstruction. Any negative incidents or conditions don’t impact motorists.
B: FFS is maintained, and motorists are only slightly restricted from being able to maneuver between lanes.
C: Driver speeds are near the FFS. Any blockages / incidents are likely to cause queues.
D: Density increase faster, speed begins to decline. There’s limited ability for drivers to maneuver.
E: Traffic operating at near capacity. Any incident causes traffic breakdowns & major queues.
F: Breakdown of traffic and unstable flow resulting from bottleneck at a downstream point. Ratio of demand to capacity exceeds 1.00.

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4
Q

Trip Generation

A

The number of trips that a particular site is likely to generate.

Byproduct of land use and intensity of use, factors which “induce” people to travel.

Depends also on: characteristics of the journey, trip purpose, and socioeconomic characteristics of the person making the trip.

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5
Q

Origin-Destination Survey

A

Used to determine trip generation.

Will set up roadblocks along major routes. Cars stopped asked questions about where they are coming from and where they are going.

Imaginary line that denotes boundary of study area = Cordon line.

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6
Q

Cross tabulation models

A

Can be used to determine trip generation.

Allow for estimates of trip generation rates based on land use type, purpose, or socioeconomic characteristics.

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7
Q

How many daily trip ends for every 1000 SF of general office space?

A

10

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8
Q

How many daily trip ends for per single family residential dwelling?

A

9

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9
Q

How many daily trip ends for per apartment unit?

A

7

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10
Q

How many daily trip ends for per 1000 SF of shopping center space?

A

38

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11
Q

How many daily trip ends for per 1000 SF of light industrial development?

A

5

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12
Q

Trip distribution

A

Examines where people are going.

Region divided into traffic zones. Trip distribution information generally provides information on how many trips are made between each zone and every other zone.

Also provides information on trip distances, time and cost, nature of the trip, socioeconomic characteristics, and nature of the transportation system.

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13
Q

Gravity model

A

Used to provide trip estimates based on the proportional attractiveness of the zone & inversely proportional to the trip length.

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14
Q

Modal split

A

Deals with how people get to where the want to go & the form of transportation they use.

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15
Q

AADT

A

Average Annual Daily Traffic - amount of traffic on a roadway in a 24 hour period, averaged over a year.

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16
Q

Peak Hour Volume

A

Hourly traffic during the peak period

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17
Q

Seasonal Hour Volume

A

Peak hour volume during different seassaons

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18
Q

Design Hour Volume

A

Capacity of the roadway to handle traffic.

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19
Q

Traffic assignment (Trip assignment)

A

Allows us to use network models to predict the distribution of traffic for each roadway (the routes that will be used) by the hour. Peak volumes can be compared with DHV to see which (if any) roadways are going to experience traffic over their design capacity aka where the congestion is going to occur.

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20
Q

Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT)

A

Measure of vehicular mobility obtained from travel inventories. VMT is a function of many factors (including topography, population density, travel distances between home & other daily destinations, and the availability of mass transit).

HIGH VMT = more vehicles are on the road to meet growing demands.
Can also mean that trip origins and destinations are getting farther apart and travel times are becoming longer.

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21
Q

Road Design - types of roads

A

Local / residential streets: serve local land uses.

Collectors: funnel traffic from local streets to arterials.

Arterials: Major through roads that carry a large traffic volume. Divided into major and minor arterials and rural and urban arterials.

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22
Q

Origin of roadway standards

A

Traced to Federal Highway Administration studies following WWII.

What is “Good” was based on “new” subdivision designs.

These standards are often too wide for most local streets, only advantageous if there is a lot of traffic and no off-street parking.

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23
Q

Typical local street standards

A
  • 500-foot max tangents
  • Use of stop signs or speed bumps to reduce vehicle speed.
  • 150 feet between intersections.
  • Clear sight distances of 75 feet.
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24
Q

AV related improvements

A

Only 41% of U.S. Roads meet the requirements for a “good ride” as scored according to the International Roughness Index.

These bad quality roads are bad for AVs.

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25
Q

Street patterns:

A
  • Grid, street pattern common in ancient cities & advocated by New Urbanist planners for facilitating ped access (classic grid, curved block grid, curved grid)
  • Loop streets with max & min depth standards
  • Cul-de-sacs with max length & min radius standards of 400-450 feet long & 40-foot turn around radius
  • Plaza & hammerhead street style, usually insufficient for vehicular turnaround.

Min gradient in most areas ins .5%, cold winters max gradient is 5%, 8% for areas with mild winters.

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26
Q

Highway Capacity Manual

A

Published by Transportation Research Board

Provides concepts, guidelines, and procedures for computing highway capacity and quality of service based on road type.

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27
Q

Federal Aid Highway Act (1944)

A

Roosevelt proposed in 1939 as ~25,000 mi highway system.
PASSED in 1944 ~40,000 mi highway system
To be selected by state highway departments
Authorized the highway system - did not provide funding

28
Q

Public Roads Administration (PRA)

A

Responsible for implementing the highway system.

Major funding came under the Feder-Aid Highway Act of 1956 (authorized $25 billion between 1957 and 1969).

29
Q

Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1962

A

Created the federal mandate for urban transportation planning in the U.S.

Act required that transportation projects in urbanized areas with a population of 50,000 or more be based on an urban transportation planning process.

Continuing, Comprehensive & Cooperative planning process (3 Cs).

30
Q

1st act to provide funding not just for highways but for transit, peds, bikes.

A

Intermodal surface transportation efficiency act of 1991 (ISTEA).

Followed by Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21), then TEA-3, then the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, and Efficient Transportation Equity Act. Finally the Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century (MAP-21) act.

31
Q

1st long term transportation funding bill passed since 2005

A

Fixing America’s Surface Transportation Act (FAST) - 2015.

Allows city planners to set their own street design standards for local federally funded projects. Did not raise the gas tax to fund improvements (gas tax was last raised in 1993).

32
Q

MPOs

A

Metropolitan Planning Organizations.
Created to meet federal requirements for urban transportation planning.
Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1962- these MPOs help reach federal requirements from this act which requires official planning processes.

Not a level of government but it DOES have effective control over transportation improvements within the area.

Projects must be a part of an MPO adopted plan to receive federal funding.

33
Q

Bureau of Public Raods

A

Predecessor tot he Federal Highway Administration required the creation of planning agencies that would be responsible for carrying out the required transportation planning processes - Resulted in MPOs being established.

These originally were regional councils- but today most are housed inside another governmental agencies.

34
Q

Transportation Improvement Program (TIP)

A

The Federal Highway Administration’s urban transportation planning regulations require a regional transportation plan, A TIP.

& a unified planning working program for areas with populations of 200,000 or more. These items are prepared by MPOs.

Required by federal law. TIP’s list all projects for which federally funded projects are anticipated (and non-fed funded projects that are significant).

35
Q

Transportation Demand Management

A

TDM - general term used to describe strategies for the efficient use of transportation.

Examples:
Car Sharing
Flextime
Guaranteed Ride Home
Public Transit
Park-and-Ride
HOV Lanes
Telecommuting
Commute Trip Reduction
Transit Oriented Development

36
Q

Car Sharing

A

Individuals purchase a membership to a car service. Cars are located at fixed locations. Individuals pay only as they use the vehicle.

37
Q

Flextime

A

Allows employees to work at different times beyond the regular 8 to 5 workday. Individuals can choose to work a four-day workweek, come in earlier, or stay later. Flextime reduces congestion on roadways during peak commute times.

38
Q

Guaranteed Ride Home

A

Provides commuters who regularly carpool or use transit with a reliable ride home if an emergency arises. GRH provides commuters this backup in case of emergency.

39
Q

Public Transit

A

buses, light rail, heavy rail, streetscars, and trolleys.

40
Q

Park-and-ride

A

Allows commuters to go from their home to a designated parking lot, where they can either ride public transit or participate in a carpool.

41
Q

High-Occupancy Vehicle Lands (HOV)

A

Allows vehicles with more than one person to travel in a specially designated lane on a highway. California allows single-occupant use of HOV by qualifying electric, plug-in hybrid, and clean alternative vehicles.

HOT Lane (High-occupancy toll lane) allows single-passenger cars to use the lane for a fee.

42
Q

Telecommuting

A

Allows employees to work from home and communicate through the internet or telephone with the office.

43
Q

Commute trip reduction (CTR)

A

CTR is one of the tools of a TDM plan.
CTR programs provide commuters with resources and incentives to reduce their vehicle trips, particularly during peak commute hours.

44
Q

Transit Oriented Development (TOD)

A

Refers to residential & commercial areas designed to encourage the use of public transportation.

TOD Neighborhood has a center with a rail or bus station, surrounded by medium to high-density development and progressively lower-density spreading outwards. TOD Neighborhoods typically have a diameter of one-quarter to one-half mile (stations spaced half to 1 mile apart)..

BENEFITS:
- Reduction in VMT & # of vehicle trips, increase in walking and biking, and reduction of emissions from vehicles.

45
Q

Traffic Calming

A

Involves horizontal & vertical adjustments with the goal to reduce traffic speed and/or volume.

46
Q

Chicane

A

Traffic Calming tool - series of staggered curb extensions on alternating sides of the roadway- motorists reduce speed by having to maneuver along roadway.

47
Q

Chocker

A

Curb extension in the middle of a block, which narrows the street width to restrict the speed of traffic in each direction.

48
Q

Full or partial closure

A

Does not allow traffic beyond a certain point in the roadway. For example, partial closure could change the traffic from two-way to one-way at a point on the road.

49
Q

Re-aligned intersections

A

Change the alignment of roadways near an intersection. Causes traffic to slow prior to entering the intersection. The approach tot he intersection is not straight and requires the driver to move into a curve before approaching the intersection.

50
Q

Roundabouts

A

Require vehicles to circulate around a center island -useful on smaller streets. Traffic circles are appropriate for major streets.

BENEFITS:
- Does not affect access
- Reduces midblock speed by about 10%
- Has reduced intersection collisions on average by 70% & overall collisions by 28%
(does NOT create safer intersection for bikes / automobiles)

51
Q

Speed humps

A

Raised areas placed across a road - 3” - 4” tall. Speed humps reduce traffic by causing uncomfortable driving conditions if the driver goes too fast.

52
Q

Speed Table

A

Larger than a speed hump. A speed table has a flat-top and may have brick or another textured material on the flat surface. Speed table long enough for the entire vehicle to rest on the flat section of the table.

53
Q

Traffic Circles

A

Raised landscape islands- located at the center of an intersection and can vary in size. Intend to move more traffic through the intersection, increasing efficiency.

54
Q

Parking Requirements

A

Standard parking space is 9 or 10 feet by 18 feet (about 180 square feet per parking space).

The amount of parking that will be demanded depends on the degree of trip generation, trip purpose, and land use.

*** Assume that vehicles are typically 17 feet long

55
Q

Peak Parking Demand

A

The hour of the day when most parking is needed for a particular development.

56
Q

Complete Streets

A

A Complete street is a safe, accessible, convenient street that everyone can use regardless of age, ability, or mod of transportation. All users have sufficient infrastructure for safe access.

57
Q

Pedestrian Safety Action Plan

A

Plan developed by community stakeholders to improve ped safety. Used by several disciplines at the state or local level.

58
Q

1956 Federal Highway Act

A

Created the highway system that links state capitals and most large cities.

Allocated funds from automobile sales for road construction.

59
Q

Connectivity Index

A

Roadway connectivity index refers to the density of connections in a road network & the directness of links.

The higher the ratio, the greater connectivity.

60
Q

Using SmartGrowth standards what is the best way to ensure development is being served by adequate infrastructure?

A

Level of Service Standards

61
Q

Transportation System Management (TSM) - steps in transportation modeling

Traditional 4 step transportation forecasting model.

A

Trip Generation
Trip Distribution
Mode Choice
Trip Assignment

62
Q

ITE which use generates the most daily trips? Manufacturing, shopping center, general office building, church.

A

1st- shopping center
2nd- general office
3rd- manufacturing
4th- church

63
Q

Minimum 2-way roadway width?

A

20’

64
Q

What happens when an ethics complaint gets filed? (steps)

A

According to the AICP Code of Ethics, the Ethics Officer reviews the complaint, makes a preliminary determination, provides the complaint to the Certified Planners and then the planner responds to the complaint.

65
Q

What to do if confidential information is shared with you during an interview?

A

We shall not use to our personal advantage, nor that of a subsequent client or employer, information gained in a professional relationship that the client or employer has requested be held inviolate or that we should recognize as confidential because its disclosure could result in embarrassment or other detriments to the client or employee.

FIRST - explain that it’s unethical, calling the AICP ethics officer would come next.

CG AICP (27 decks)

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