4: Plan Making and Impl (finance) Flashcards
Program Evaluation and Review Technique
(PERT)
A scheduling method that graphically illustrates the interrelationships of project tasks. PERT is a good choice when precise time estimates are not available for project tasks.
What is a Walkscore?
A
An internet based large-scale, public access
walkability index that assigns a numerical walkability score to any address
in the United States
Critical Path Method
(CPM)
A tool to analyze a project.
The analysis results in a “critical path” through the project tasks. Each project task has a known amount of time to complete and cannot be completed before the previous one is completed. The longest pathway is the critical pathway.
Cost-effectiveness analysis
A method for selecting among competing projects when resources are limited, was developed by the military.
Cost-benefit analysis
Estimates the total monetary value of the benefits and costs to the community of a project(s) to determine whether they should be undertaken. Typically, this is used for public projects such as highways and other public facilities.
Environmental Impact Statement
(EIS)
EIS is for federal actions significantly affecting the quality of the human environment. If the environmental assessment determines that there is a significant impact, then an environmental impact statement is required.
National Environmental Policy Act of 1969
(NEPA)
The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) resulted in the creation of the Council on Environmental Quality. The Act requires that the environmental impacts of a project be considered.
Floor Area Ratio (FAR)
Floor area ratio (FAR) is the ratio of the gross floor area of a building to its ground area. It is used primarily to determine building density on a site; i.e., the size of a building in relation to the size of the lot where it sits. The floor area of the building is measured to the middle of the outside walls and includes the inside walls as part of the calculation.
Crit from form based zoning advocates: Doesn’t take into account use solely focuses on density
What is linear programming?
Linear programming is a method for determining an optimal DESIGN solution.
This could apply to a number of planning projects, such as a regional agricultural development plan.
What is CommunityViz software used for?
CommunityViz allows 3-D models to be created to assist citizens in visualizing change in an area
What is an Euclidean buffer?
An Euclidean buffer measures the distance in 2-D Cartesian plane - that is straight lines are calculated.
Alinksy’s Organizations
Boycotts and marches
Overlay Zoning
allows a mixture of uses, and promotes flexibility in design and density
What type of zoning can reduce development density?
Large lot zoning
Special Use Permit
a device to provide flexibility within the zoning ordinance
“Earned Value”
A method for measuring the progress of a project against the plan
Exactions
The subdivider’s financial responsibilities for public improvements associated with the development
Community Benefits Agreements (CBAs)
- Agreements / contracts between developers and communities.
CAN promise local hiring quotas
CAN be related to one specific development project
CAN be enforceable if coalitions who signed them dissolve after signing.
CAN be private contracts or contracts enforced by local governments.
CAN be related to job training
CAN related to low income housing
CAN be the provision of community facilities
Lease-purchase
Allows for the rental of a building or property with the exclusive option to purchase at specified points in the agreement.
What is Capital Improvements Programming (CIP)
- Plan / road map to fund NEW public infrastructure and build improvements over a FIXED period of time.
- Can incorporate the rehabilitation or replacement of existing capital.
- CIP is the KEY way the COMP PLAN is implemented, CIP reviewed for its compliance with the COMP PLAN.
- Best practices include an economic analysis of the fiscal impact of new investments, including the life cycle costs of maintaining and operating facilities or infrastructure.
How is a CIP adopted
- Required by law.
- Involves relatively formal process of public hearings and adoption by the local governing body.
Time period that a CIP covers?
3-6 years (5-7 according to planning and urban design standards)
Types of funding a CIP considers:
At a minimum it includes those expenditures to be funded through bonded indebtedness.
Operates as a general obligation bond financing.
Can consider multiple forms of funding.
Exporting Costs for a CIP
Communities look for ways to pass some of the funding costs off to developers pro formas
Done through:
Exactions
Proffers
Conditional zoning
Impact fees
Linkage programs
Fiscal zoning
Guidelines for preparing a CIP:
1- Long-term projections of demographics and growth patterns should inform both facilities and services standards.
2- Fiscal impact analysis is an essential tool for projecting facility and infrastructure expenditures and annual net costs.
3- Funding plans should match facilities costs with sources of funding, as many facilities may have multiple or alternative sources of funding, requiring a CIP to include more than the traditional bond funding.
4- Funding plans must also consider the timing of growth and provide for concurrency between the need for improvements and other construction.
5- Facility needs will most likely exceed the funding available through traditional forms of public finance, requiring creativity and innovation and the exportation of costs.
6- There are limits to the extent to which costs can be exported; They must meet strict tests of nexis and reasonableness,. However - the use of these tools may be essential to funding the volume of facilities and infrastructure needed.
7- CIP should be fully integrated and linked with the local comp plan, using all of the tools available to fund capital projects.
