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CG AICP > 1: Fundamental Planning Knowledge > Flashcards

1: Fundamental Planning Knowledge Flashcards

1
Q

1st city comprehensive zoning ordinance

A

New York City (1916)
Written by Edward Bassett

A key concept in the zoning ordinance was establishing setbacks at specific heights, but did not establish height limitations.

Later upheld in 1920 in Lincoln Trust Co. v. The Williams Bldg. Corp

Established cumulative zoning

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2
Q

1st metropolitan regional plan

A

The Chicago Plan (1909)
Developed by Daniel Burnham

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3
Q

Sherry Arnstein

A

Wrote “A Ladder of Citizen Participation” for the Journal of the American Planning Association in 1969. This article describes the levels of involvement by citizens depending on the form of participation utilized.

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4
Q

James Rouse

A

James Rouse was the developer that conceived of Columbia, Maryland. Rouse strongly believed in the new cities movement that by proper design blight could be eliminated.

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5
Q

1st full-time planner

A

Harland Bartholomew
Newark, NJ (1914)

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6
Q

1st historic preservation ordinance

A

Charleston (1921)

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7
Q

Saul Alinsky

A

Advocate of community organizing. Alinsky organized Chicago’s poor in the late 1930s and 1940s. Back of the Yards movement. In 1946, he published Reveille for Radicals, which encouraged those who were poor to become involved in American democracy. Later he published Rules for Radicals, which provided 13 rules for community organizing.

an organizational approach that has invitations sent out by the neighborhood or organization and a paid organizer is then sent to the neighborhood

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8
Q

1st National Wildlife Refuge

A

Pelican Island, FL (1903)

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9
Q

First issue of City Planning

A

1925, published by ACPI and the National Conference on City Planning.
Predecessor to JAPA.

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10
Q

AIP adopted a Code of Ethics for professional planners.

A

1971

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11
Q

First major indoor shopping mall

A

Southdale Center in Edina, Minnesota, opened in 1956, was the first indoor, climate-controlled regional mall.

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12
Q

ASPO

A

American Society of Planning Officials

Started in 1934

First prez: Alfred Bettman

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13
Q

The Geography of Nowhere

A

Written by James Kunstler, a book about suburban sprawl and its impact on American communities

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14
Q

1st state to pass enabling legislation for zoning

A

Wisconsin (1909)

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15
Q

With Heritage So Rich

A

Edited by Alfred Reins, published in 1966.
This is a seminal book in historic preservation.

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16
Q

1st city subway

A

Boston (1897)

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17
Q

Patrick Geddes

A

Cities in Evolution - published in 1915.
This book centers on regional planning.

“Conurbation” - describes large scale regions

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18
Q

1st comprehensive plan

A

Cincinnati (1925)
Developed by Alfred Bettman and Ladislas Segoe.
Focused on infrastructure projects and called for planning to be controlled by a citizen city planning commission.

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19
Q

Local Planning Administration

A

Ladislas Segoe, published in 1941.
This book was the first in the Green Book Series produced by the International City/County Management Association.

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20
Q

1st historic preservation commission

A

Vieux Carre, New Orleans (1921)

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21
Q

Standard State Zoning Enabling Act

A

1924
Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover

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22
Q

1st National Planning Conference

A

1909
Washington, D.C.

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23
Q

1st major American city to apply the City Beautiful principles

A

San Francisco (1906)
Developed by Daniel Burnham

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24
Q

Lawrence Veiller

A

Lawrence Veiller is the father of the modern housing code. He was concerned with housing conditions for those who are low income. He produced a Tenement Exhibition with proposals for New York City. He went on to become secretary of the New York State Tenement House Commission and drafted the New York State Tenement House Act of 1901 that established basic housing laws - including fire exits and running water for bathrooms in every tenement.

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25
Q

1st regional planning commission

A

Los Angeles County (1922)

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26
Q

1st US Transcontinental Highway

A

Lincoln Highway (dedicated 1913)

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27
Q

Image of the City

A

Kevin Lynch, published in 1960.
This book defines basic concepts within the city, such as edges and nodes.

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28
Q

Charles Abrams

A

Created the New York Housing Authority. In 1965 he published The City is the Frontier, a book that provided harsh criticism to the U.S. federal policies surrounding slum clearance, urban renewal, and public housing.

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29
Q

The Urban General Plan

A

TJ Kent, published in 1964.
T.J. Kent defines the comprehensive plan as a community’s official statement of policies regarding desirable future physical development and its implications of socio-economic polices; the plan should be comprehensive in scope, general in nature and long-range in perspective. Should be identified as the City Council’s plan

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30
Q

1st planning commission

A

Hartford, CT (1907)

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31
Q

Catherine Bauer Wurster

A

Founder of American housing policy. She worked to reform policy that was related to housing and city planning. She served as executive secretary of the Regional Planning Association of America. She wrote Modern Housing and was influential in the passage of the Housing Act of 1937.

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32
Q

How the Other Half Lives

A

Jacob Riis, published in 1890.
This book resulted in housing reform in New York City.

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33
Q

Rexford Tugwell

A

Served as the head of the Resettlement Administration. He worked on the greenbelt cities program, which sought construction of new, self-sufficient cities. Tugwell was closely involved in the development of Arthurdale, West Virginia, a Resettlement Administration community. He later served on the New York City Planning Commission and served as governor of Puerto Rico.

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34
Q

1st statewide zoning

A

Hawaii (1961)
Amended in 1978

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35
Q

The Rise of the Creative Class

A

Richard Florida, published in 2003.
This book focuses on the importance of creative professionals in the overall economic growth and health of urban areas.

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36
Q

Hoover Dam

A

The Hoover Dam was constructed on the Colorado River, between the states of Arizona and Nevada.

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37
Q

The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces

A

William Whyte, published in 1980.
This book promotes the use of environmental psychology and sociology in urban design.

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38
Q

Wacker’s Manual of the Plan of Chicago

A

1912, published by Walter Moody
Adopted as an eighth-grade textbook by the Chicago Board of Education. This is the first known formal instruction in city planning below the college level.

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39
Q

1st limited access highway

A

Bronx River Parkway (1926)

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40
Q

1st federally supported public housing to be constructed

A

Cleveland (1934)
(first to be occupied was located in Atlanta)

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41
Q

American Society of Planning Officials (ASPO)

A

1934, Alfred Bettman 1st prez

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42
Q

Sir Raymond Unwin

A

English town planner and designer of Letchworth. He later lectured at the University of Birmingham in England and Columbia University.

43
Q

1st zoning restrictions on the location of obnoxious uses

A

San Francisco (1867)

44
Q

1st National Planning Board

A

1933
Later renamed National Resources Planning Board
Abolished in 1943

45
Q

1st National Park

A

Yellowstone (1872)

46
Q

American City Planning Institute of Planners

A

1917
Frederick Law Olmsted, first president.
Renamed to American Institute of Planners (AIP) in 1939. The AIP was the forerunner of the American Institute of Certified Planners (AICP).

47
Q

Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning published the first issue of The Journal of Planning Education and Research.

A

1981

48
Q

1st local civic center plan

A

Cleveland (1903)
Developed by Daniel Burnham, John Carrere, and Arnold Brunner

49
Q

Carrying Out the City Plan

A

1914, Flavel Shurtleff
First major textbook on city planning.

50
Q

Which of the following groups of planning philosophies came before the City Humane Movement?

I. City Functional
II. City Efficient
III. City Beautiful
IV. Public Health

A

The planning philosophies, City Efficient, City Beautiful, and Public Health came before the City Humane Movement. The City Humane Movement occurred in the 1930s.

II, III, IV

51
Q

The Death and Life of Great American Cities

A

Jane Jacobs, published in 1961.
This book provided a critical look at planners and planning, with a special focus on the mistakes of urban renewal.

52
Q

Lawrence Haworth

A

Lawrence Haworth wrote the book, The Good City, which argued for a thoughtful approach to what actually makes a city good.

53
Q

Alfred Bettman

A

Alfred Bettman was the first president of ASPO. Alfred Bettman (1873-1945) was one of the key founders of modern urban planning. Zoning, as we know it today, can be attributed to his successful arguments before the U.S. Supreme Court, which resulted in the 1926 decision in favor of the Village of Euclid, Ohio versus Ambler Realty Company. The concept of the “Comprehensive Plan,” as used in most cities across the U.S., was in no small part due to the work of Bettman and Ladislas Segoe on the “Cincinnati Plan.” Communities of all sizes across the U.S. may also thank Bettman for his part in creating the “Capital Improvements Budget.”

54
Q

Planning of the Modern City

A

Nelson Lewis, published in 1916.

55
Q

Design with Nature

A

Ian McHarg, published in 1969.
This book focuses on conservation design.

56
Q

Robert Moses

A

Transformed New York City’s public works from the 1930s through the 1950s. He expanded the state’s park system and built numerous parkways. He also built parks, playgrounds, highways, bridges, tunnels, and public housing

57
Q

Regional Plan for New York and Environs

A

1922-29
Focused on suburban development, highway construction, and suburban recreational facilities. Clarence Stein and Lewis Mumford were involved in the creation of the plan.

Second Regional Plan of New York and Environs of 1970 addressed transit and commercial rehabilitation.

58
Q

Silent Spring

A

Rachel Carson, published in 1962.
This book focuses on the negative effects of pesticides on the environment.

59
Q

Frederick Law Olmstead, Sr.

A

Father of landscape architecture. He is responsible for many of the nation’s most important parks including Central and Prospect Parks in New York City, Niagra Reservation, and university campus landscapes. He was part of the design team for Riverside in 1868.

60
Q

Sierra Club

A

The Sierra Club was founded in 1892.

61
Q

Paolo Soleri

A

Architect responsible for designing Arcosanti an experimental utopian city in Arizona focused on minimizing the impact of development on the natural environment.

62
Q

First exam for AIP membership was administered

A

1977

63
Q

Standard City Planning Enabling Act

A

1928
Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover

64
Q

John Nolen

A

Designed Mariemont, Ohio and was a leading planner and landscape architect. He made substantial contributions including creating the first comprehensive plan in Florida, contributing to the park system in Madison, Wisconsin and designing Venice, Florida.

65
Q

Urban Land Use Planning

A

F. Stuart Chapin, published in 1957.
This book became a common textbook on land use planning.

66
Q

Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform

A

Ebenezer Howard, published in 1898.
This book initiated the Garden City movement.

67
Q

Thomas Adams

A

Important planner during the Garden City movement. He was the secretary of the Garden City Association and became the first manager of Letchworth. He developed a number of garden suburbs in England and later went on to teach planning at MIT and Harvard.

prepared “The Regional Survey (Plan) of New York and Its Environs”, which was released in 1929.

68
Q

1st city to use land use zoning to guide development

A

Los Angeles (1909)

69
Q

The Intelligence of Democracy

A

Charles Lindblom, published in 1969. In this book, Lindblom writes against the basic assumption that central control is necessary in a democracy.

70
Q

The Council of Government movement

A

In 1954 the Council of Government movement (COGS) began in the Detroit area with the formation of a Supervisors’ Inter-County Committee composed of the representatives of each county in southeastern Michigan for the purpose of confronting area wide problems. It soon spreads nationwide.

71
Q

NAFTA

A

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) among U.S., Canada and Mexico begins on January 1, 1994, its purpose is to foster trade and investment among the three nations by removing or lowering non-tariff as well as tariff barriers.

72
Q

How many Federally-recognized tribes are there?

A

According to the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA); which is responsible for the administration and management of 55.7 million acres of land held in trust by the United States for American Indians, Indian tribes, and Alaska Natives. The BIA says that there are 562 federal recognized tribal governments in the United States.

73
Q

Sunnyside Gardens, New York and Radburn, New Jersey

A

In 1924-28, Sunnyside Gardens, a planned neighborhood designed by Clarence Stein and Henry Wright, was built by the City Housing Corporation under Alexander Bing in Queens, New York. And in 1928 construction of Radburn, New Jersey, began. This Planned community was inspired by Howard’s Garden City concept and designed by Stein and Wright. It was a forerunner of the New Deal’s Greenbelt towns.

74
Q

Robert Weaver

A

Robert Weaver was HUD’s first Secretary and was the first African-American cabinet member.

75
Q

2 Laws passed still consequential for city planning & zoning today

A

1926: Standard Zoning Enabling Act (9 sections)
1928: Standard City Enabling Act (6 sections)

Herbert Hoover

76
Q

Which president appointed a Public Lands Commission to propose rules for land development and management?

A

Teddy Roosevelt

77
Q

RPAA

A

Regional Planning Association of America, 1923-33. led by Clarence Stein, was an urban reform association that advocated Garden Cities and other innovations in town planning and environmental conservation. Not to be confused with the RPA (Regional Plan Association of New York).

78
Q

McMillan Plan of 1901

A

Burnham, the plan sought to resurrect L’Enfant’s 1792 Plan for Washington DC

79
Q

Paul Davidoff

A

One of the leading “Advocate planners” in 1960s

80
Q

History of AICP

A

ACIP (American City Planning Institute of Planners) founded in 1917
Renamed to AIP (American Institue of Planners) in 1939

81
Q

1st Garden City in the U.S.?

A

Sunnyside Gardens in Queens, NY
1922
Clarence Stein

82
Q

Morrill Act

A

1862
Congress allowed new western states to establish colleges

83
Q

Bid Rent Curve

A

A concept used to explain land use patterns based on how much people are willing to pay for land, in turn a function of location. The CBD, for example, will have the highest number of customers and so the most profit, and is at the steep end of the bid rent curve.

84
Q

History of APA

A

1909: 1st natl conference wash DC
1917: AM City Planning Institute ACPI (renamed to AIP in 1939)
1934: ASPO American Institute of Planners
1978: AIP + ASPO Consolidated to APA

AIP & ASPO merged in 1978 to form APA

85
Q

First code of ethics & who created it?

A

1971 - AIP adopted code of ethics for professional planners

86
Q

Famous NY Plan created in the 1920s

A

Between 1922 and 1929, the Regional Plan for New York and Environs was created. The plan focused on suburban development, highway construction, and suburban recreational facilities.
Moses

87
Q

What was the General Land Law Revision Act?

A

This 1891 Act provided the U.S. President with the power to create forest preserves by proclamation.

88
Q

Dillon’s Rule

A

Dillon’s Rule applies in states where the rights of cities are only those that have been specifically authorized by the state.

89
Q

What was the significance of the Antiquities Act?

A

In 1906, the Antiquities Act was the first law to provide federal protection for archaeological sites. The Act allowed for the designation of National Monuments.

90
Q

What is a “wicked problem”?

A

Problems that are complicated and difficult to solve. One example is homelessness, which has no one root cause and no one alternative that can eliminate the problem.

91
Q

“Home Rule” States

A

Home Rule states are those in which cities have the right to develop their own regulations, except where the state has specifically stated otherwise.

92
Q

Megalopolis

A

Jean Gottmann 1957 - extended urban region extending from a huge metropolitan area

93
Q

Neighborhood Unit Concept

A

Clarence Perry

Introduced in 1920s
Neighborhood population 5000 - 9000 residents.

160 acres.
10 units per acre.
Commercial uses relegated to perimeter of the neighborhood.
School, places of worship, rec areas at the center.
Shops at intersections.
Bounded by major roads.

PURPOSE: to encourage social interaction and cohesion among residents living in the defined neighborhood.

Introduced as part of the Regional Plan of New York and its Environs.

94
Q

'’How should planners support communities of color?

A

Expand economic opportunities by supporting micro-entrepreneurships (food trucks,etc.)

Activate mobility - address significant issues, transportation costs & affordability

Housing options - increase flexibility with ADUs, inclusionary housing, etc.

Enhance placemaking

95
Q

Sustainability (principles, processes, attributes)

A

PRINCIPLES:
- livable built environment
- Harmony with nature
- Resilient economy
- Interwoven equity
- Healthy community
- Responsible regionalism

PROCESSES:
- Authentic participation
- accountable implementation

ATTRIBUTES:
- Consistent content
- Coordinated characteristics

96
Q

“The Cost of Segregation” recommendations for dismantling barriers that create disparities

A
  • establish real estate transfer tax
  • Invest equitably across the region
  • Make vacant lands an asset
  • Improve health through publicly funded development
  • Use equity as a measure for transportation planning
97
Q

Cultural Competency

A

Ability to work effectively in cross cultural situations
Hire diverse workforce
Provide fiscal support
Community engagement results in reciprocal transfer knowledge

98
Q

ACPI

A

American City Planning Institute, started in 1917

1st prez: Frederick Law Olmsted Jr

Changed to AIP in 1939

99
Q

1st AICP exam administered

A

1977

100
Q

What does ZIP code stand for?

A

Zone Improvement Plan Code

101
Q

Edge City

A

1991 Joel Garreau

Argued that edge cities were the new normal of urban growth worldwide.

102
Q

Garden City

A

Ebenezer Howard

A premise of Howard’s model was that construction of the Garden City would increase land values, and that the increase in value would pass back to the community. & work to NOT displace the poor.

103
Q

George Pullman

A

Pullman is a neighborhood on the south side of Chicago.

ILLINOIS.

Pullman (Historic Pullman) was built in the 1880s by George Pullman for his eponymous railroad car company, the Pullman Palace Car Company.

Associated with worker rebellion, working housing, and model company town.

104
Q

John Snow’s famous map of London’s cholera outbreak could be interpreted as the following:

A

Heat map, dot density map.

NOT a cartogram.

CG AICP (27 decks)

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