1: Fundamental Planning Knowledge Flashcards
1st city comprehensive zoning ordinance
New York City (1916)
Written by Edward Bassett
A key concept in the zoning ordinance was establishing setbacks at specific heights, but did not establish height limitations.
Later upheld in 1920 in Lincoln Trust Co. v. The Williams Bldg. Corp
Established cumulative zoning
1st metropolitan regional plan
The Chicago Plan (1909)
Developed by Daniel Burnham
Sherry Arnstein
Wrote “A Ladder of Citizen Participation” for the Journal of the American Planning Association in 1969. This article describes the levels of involvement by citizens depending on the form of participation utilized.
James Rouse
James Rouse was the developer that conceived of Columbia, Maryland. Rouse strongly believed in the new cities movement that by proper design blight could be eliminated.
1st full-time planner
Harland Bartholomew
Newark, NJ (1914)
1st historic preservation ordinance
Charleston (1921)
Saul Alinsky
Advocate of community organizing. Alinsky organized Chicago’s poor in the late 1930s and 1940s. Back of the Yards movement. In 1946, he published Reveille for Radicals, which encouraged those who were poor to become involved in American democracy. Later he published Rules for Radicals, which provided 13 rules for community organizing.
an organizational approach that has invitations sent out by the neighborhood or organization and a paid organizer is then sent to the neighborhood
1st National Wildlife Refuge
Pelican Island, FL (1903)
First issue of City Planning
1925, published by ACPI and the National Conference on City Planning.
Predecessor to JAPA.
AIP adopted a Code of Ethics for professional planners.
1971
First major indoor shopping mall
Southdale Center in Edina, Minnesota, opened in 1956, was the first indoor, climate-controlled regional mall.
ASPO
American Society of Planning Officials
Started in 1934
First prez: Alfred Bettman
The Geography of Nowhere
Written by James Kunstler, a book about suburban sprawl and its impact on American communities
1st state to pass enabling legislation for zoning
Wisconsin (1909)
With Heritage So Rich
Edited by Alfred Reins, published in 1966.
This is a seminal book in historic preservation.
1st city subway
Boston (1897)
Patrick Geddes
Cities in Evolution - published in 1915.
This book centers on regional planning.
“Conurbation” - describes large scale regions
1st comprehensive plan
Cincinnati (1925)
Developed by Alfred Bettman and Ladislas Segoe.
Focused on infrastructure projects and called for planning to be controlled by a citizen city planning commission.
Local Planning Administration
Ladislas Segoe, published in 1941.
This book was the first in the Green Book Series produced by the International City/County Management Association.
1st historic preservation commission
Vieux Carre, New Orleans (1921)
Standard State Zoning Enabling Act
1924
Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover
1st National Planning Conference
1909
Washington, D.C.
1st major American city to apply the City Beautiful principles
San Francisco (1906)
Developed by Daniel Burnham
Lawrence Veiller
Lawrence Veiller is the father of the modern housing code. He was concerned with housing conditions for those who are low income. He produced a Tenement Exhibition with proposals for New York City. He went on to become secretary of the New York State Tenement House Commission and drafted the New York State Tenement House Act of 1901 that established basic housing laws - including fire exits and running water for bathrooms in every tenement.
1st regional planning commission
Los Angeles County (1922)
1st US Transcontinental Highway
Lincoln Highway (dedicated 1913)
Image of the City
Kevin Lynch, published in 1960.
This book defines basic concepts within the city, such as edges and nodes.
Charles Abrams
Created the New York Housing Authority. In 1965 he published The City is the Frontier, a book that provided harsh criticism to the U.S. federal policies surrounding slum clearance, urban renewal, and public housing.
The Urban General Plan
TJ Kent, published in 1964.
T.J. Kent defines the comprehensive plan as a community’s official statement of policies regarding desirable future physical development and its implications of socio-economic polices; the plan should be comprehensive in scope, general in nature and long-range in perspective. Should be identified as the City Council’s plan
1st planning commission
Hartford, CT (1907)
Catherine Bauer Wurster
Founder of American housing policy. She worked to reform policy that was related to housing and city planning. She served as executive secretary of the Regional Planning Association of America. She wrote Modern Housing and was influential in the passage of the Housing Act of 1937.
How the Other Half Lives
Jacob Riis, published in 1890.
This book resulted in housing reform in New York City.
Rexford Tugwell
Served as the head of the Resettlement Administration. He worked on the greenbelt cities program, which sought construction of new, self-sufficient cities. Tugwell was closely involved in the development of Arthurdale, West Virginia, a Resettlement Administration community. He later served on the New York City Planning Commission and served as governor of Puerto Rico.
1st statewide zoning
Hawaii (1961)
Amended in 1978
The Rise of the Creative Class
Richard Florida, published in 2003.
This book focuses on the importance of creative professionals in the overall economic growth and health of urban areas.
Hoover Dam
The Hoover Dam was constructed on the Colorado River, between the states of Arizona and Nevada.
The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces
William Whyte, published in 1980.
This book promotes the use of environmental psychology and sociology in urban design.
Wacker’s Manual of the Plan of Chicago
1912, published by Walter Moody
Adopted as an eighth-grade textbook by the Chicago Board of Education. This is the first known formal instruction in city planning below the college level.
1st limited access highway
Bronx River Parkway (1926)
1st federally supported public housing to be constructed
Cleveland (1934)
(first to be occupied was located in Atlanta)
American Society of Planning Officials (ASPO)
1934, Alfred Bettman 1st prez
Sir Raymond Unwin
English town planner and designer of Letchworth. He later lectured at the University of Birmingham in England and Columbia University.
1st zoning restrictions on the location of obnoxious uses
San Francisco (1867)
1st National Planning Board
1933
Later renamed National Resources Planning Board
Abolished in 1943
1st National Park
Yellowstone (1872)
American City Planning Institute of Planners
1917
Frederick Law Olmsted, first president.
Renamed to American Institute of Planners (AIP) in 1939. The AIP was the forerunner of the American Institute of Certified Planners (AICP).
Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning published the first issue of The Journal of Planning Education and Research.
1981
1st local civic center plan
Cleveland (1903)
Developed by Daniel Burnham, John Carrere, and Arnold Brunner
Carrying Out the City Plan
1914, Flavel Shurtleff
First major textbook on city planning.
Which of the following groups of planning philosophies came before the City Humane Movement?
I. City Functional
II. City Efficient
III. City Beautiful
IV. Public Health
The planning philosophies, City Efficient, City Beautiful, and Public Health came before the City Humane Movement. The City Humane Movement occurred in the 1930s.
II, III, IV
The Death and Life of Great American Cities
Jane Jacobs, published in 1961.
This book provided a critical look at planners and planning, with a special focus on the mistakes of urban renewal.
Lawrence Haworth
Lawrence Haworth wrote the book, The Good City, which argued for a thoughtful approach to what actually makes a city good.
Alfred Bettman
Alfred Bettman was the first president of ASPO. Alfred Bettman (1873-1945) was one of the key founders of modern urban planning. Zoning, as we know it today, can be attributed to his successful arguments before the U.S. Supreme Court, which resulted in the 1926 decision in favor of the Village of Euclid, Ohio versus Ambler Realty Company. The concept of the “Comprehensive Plan,” as used in most cities across the U.S., was in no small part due to the work of Bettman and Ladislas Segoe on the “Cincinnati Plan.” Communities of all sizes across the U.S. may also thank Bettman for his part in creating the “Capital Improvements Budget.”
Planning of the Modern City
Nelson Lewis, published in 1916.
Design with Nature
Ian McHarg, published in 1969.
This book focuses on conservation design.
Robert Moses
Transformed New York City’s public works from the 1930s through the 1950s. He expanded the state’s park system and built numerous parkways. He also built parks, playgrounds, highways, bridges, tunnels, and public housing
Regional Plan for New York and Environs
1922-29
Focused on suburban development, highway construction, and suburban recreational facilities. Clarence Stein and Lewis Mumford were involved in the creation of the plan.
Second Regional Plan of New York and Environs of 1970 addressed transit and commercial rehabilitation.
Silent Spring
Rachel Carson, published in 1962.
This book focuses on the negative effects of pesticides on the environment.
Frederick Law Olmstead, Sr.
Father of landscape architecture. He is responsible for many of the nation’s most important parks including Central and Prospect Parks in New York City, Niagra Reservation, and university campus landscapes. He was part of the design team for Riverside in 1868.
Sierra Club
The Sierra Club was founded in 1892.
Paolo Soleri
Architect responsible for designing Arcosanti an experimental utopian city in Arizona focused on minimizing the impact of development on the natural environment.
First exam for AIP membership was administered
1977
Standard City Planning Enabling Act
1928
Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover
John Nolen
Designed Mariemont, Ohio and was a leading planner and landscape architect. He made substantial contributions including creating the first comprehensive plan in Florida, contributing to the park system in Madison, Wisconsin and designing Venice, Florida.
Urban Land Use Planning
F. Stuart Chapin, published in 1957.
This book became a common textbook on land use planning.
Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform
Ebenezer Howard, published in 1898.
This book initiated the Garden City movement.
Thomas Adams
Important planner during the Garden City movement. He was the secretary of the Garden City Association and became the first manager of Letchworth. He developed a number of garden suburbs in England and later went on to teach planning at MIT and Harvard.
prepared “The Regional Survey (Plan) of New York and Its Environs”, which was released in 1929.
1st city to use land use zoning to guide development
Los Angeles (1909)
The Intelligence of Democracy
Charles Lindblom, published in 1969. In this book, Lindblom writes against the basic assumption that central control is necessary in a democracy.
The Council of Government movement
In 1954 the Council of Government movement (COGS) began in the Detroit area with the formation of a Supervisors’ Inter-County Committee composed of the representatives of each county in southeastern Michigan for the purpose of confronting area wide problems. It soon spreads nationwide.
NAFTA
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) among U.S., Canada and Mexico begins on January 1, 1994, its purpose is to foster trade and investment among the three nations by removing or lowering non-tariff as well as tariff barriers.
How many Federally-recognized tribes are there?
According to the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA); which is responsible for the administration and management of 55.7 million acres of land held in trust by the United States for American Indians, Indian tribes, and Alaska Natives. The BIA says that there are 562 federal recognized tribal governments in the United States.
Sunnyside Gardens, New York and Radburn, New Jersey
In 1924-28, Sunnyside Gardens, a planned neighborhood designed by Clarence Stein and Henry Wright, was built by the City Housing Corporation under Alexander Bing in Queens, New York. And in 1928 construction of Radburn, New Jersey, began. This Planned community was inspired by Howard’s Garden City concept and designed by Stein and Wright. It was a forerunner of the New Deal’s Greenbelt towns.
Robert Weaver
Robert Weaver was HUD’s first Secretary and was the first African-American cabinet member.
2 Laws passed still consequential for city planning & zoning today
1926: Standard Zoning Enabling Act (9 sections)
1928: Standard City Enabling Act (6 sections)
Herbert Hoover
Which president appointed a Public Lands Commission to propose rules for land development and management?
Teddy Roosevelt
RPAA
Regional Planning Association of America, 1923-33. led by Clarence Stein, was an urban reform association that advocated Garden Cities and other innovations in town planning and environmental conservation. Not to be confused with the RPA (Regional Plan Association of New York).
McMillan Plan of 1901
Burnham, the plan sought to resurrect L’Enfant’s 1792 Plan for Washington DC
Paul Davidoff
One of the leading “Advocate planners” in 1960s
History of AICP
ACIP (American City Planning Institute of Planners) founded in 1917
Renamed to AIP (American Institue of Planners) in 1939
1st Garden City in the U.S.?
Sunnyside Gardens in Queens, NY
1922
Clarence Stein
Morrill Act
1862
Congress allowed new western states to establish colleges
Bid Rent Curve
A concept used to explain land use patterns based on how much people are willing to pay for land, in turn a function of location. The CBD, for example, will have the highest number of customers and so the most profit, and is at the steep end of the bid rent curve.
History of APA
1909: 1st natl conference wash DC
1917: AM City Planning Institute ACPI (renamed to AIP in 1939)
1934: ASPO American Institute of Planners
1978: AIP + ASPO Consolidated to APA
AIP & ASPO merged in 1978 to form APA
First code of ethics & who created it?
1971 - AIP adopted code of ethics for professional planners
Famous NY Plan created in the 1920s
Between 1922 and 1929, the Regional Plan for New York and Environs was created. The plan focused on suburban development, highway construction, and suburban recreational facilities.
Moses
What was the General Land Law Revision Act?
This 1891 Act provided the U.S. President with the power to create forest preserves by proclamation.
Dillon’s Rule
Dillon’s Rule applies in states where the rights of cities are only those that have been specifically authorized by the state.
What was the significance of the Antiquities Act?
In 1906, the Antiquities Act was the first law to provide federal protection for archaeological sites. The Act allowed for the designation of National Monuments.
What is a “wicked problem”?
Problems that are complicated and difficult to solve. One example is homelessness, which has no one root cause and no one alternative that can eliminate the problem.
“Home Rule” States
Home Rule states are those in which cities have the right to develop their own regulations, except where the state has specifically stated otherwise.
Megalopolis
Jean Gottmann 1957 - extended urban region extending from a huge metropolitan area
Neighborhood Unit Concept
Clarence Perry
Introduced in 1920s
Neighborhood population 5000 - 9000 residents.
160 acres.
10 units per acre.
Commercial uses relegated to perimeter of the neighborhood.
School, places of worship, rec areas at the center.
Shops at intersections.
Bounded by major roads.
PURPOSE: to encourage social interaction and cohesion among residents living in the defined neighborhood.
Introduced as part of the Regional Plan of New York and its Environs.
'’How should planners support communities of color?
Expand economic opportunities by supporting micro-entrepreneurships (food trucks,etc.)
Activate mobility - address significant issues, transportation costs & affordability
Housing options - increase flexibility with ADUs, inclusionary housing, etc.
Enhance placemaking
Sustainability (principles, processes, attributes)
PRINCIPLES:
- livable built environment
- Harmony with nature
- Resilient economy
- Interwoven equity
- Healthy community
- Responsible regionalism
PROCESSES:
- Authentic participation
- accountable implementation
ATTRIBUTES:
- Consistent content
- Coordinated characteristics
“The Cost of Segregation” recommendations for dismantling barriers that create disparities
- establish real estate transfer tax
- Invest equitably across the region
- Make vacant lands an asset
- Improve health through publicly funded development
- Use equity as a measure for transportation planning
Cultural Competency
Ability to work effectively in cross cultural situations
Hire diverse workforce
Provide fiscal support
Community engagement results in reciprocal transfer knowledge
ACPI
American City Planning Institute, started in 1917
1st prez: Frederick Law Olmsted Jr
Changed to AIP in 1939
1st AICP exam administered
1977
What does ZIP code stand for?
Zone Improvement Plan Code
Edge City
1991 Joel Garreau
Argued that edge cities were the new normal of urban growth worldwide.
Garden City
Ebenezer Howard
A premise of Howard’s model was that construction of the Garden City would increase land values, and that the increase in value would pass back to the community. & work to NOT displace the poor.
George Pullman
Pullman is a neighborhood on the south side of Chicago.
ILLINOIS.
Pullman (Historic Pullman) was built in the 1880s by George Pullman for his eponymous railroad car company, the Pullman Palace Car Company.
Associated with worker rebellion, working housing, and model company town.
John Snow’s famous map of London’s cholera outbreak could be interpreted as the following:
Heat map, dot density map.
NOT a cartogram.
