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CG AICP > 6: AOP- Housing > Flashcards

6: AOP- Housing Flashcards

1
Q

Public Health Movement

A

Second half of the 1800s

1855 - first Model Tenement was built in NYC

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2
Q

Tenement House Act of 1867

A

First major housing code in the United States. Required all rooms with tenements have windows - did not require the windows to open to the outside.

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3
Q

Tenement House Act of 1879

A

Passed to address the shortcomings of the 1867 Act.

Required that windows open to outside air - resulted in Dumbbell Tenements

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4
Q

Dumbbell tenements

A

Housing type with open air shafts.

Referred to as “Old Law Tenements” built throughout NYC starting in 1879 - had poor lighting, little air, and little space.

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5
Q

How the other half lives

A

1890 - Jacob Riis, highlighted the plight of the poor in NYC.

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6
Q

Tenement House Law of 1901

A

Resulted in New Law tenements - OUTLAWED dumbbell tenements.

New housing code was vigorously enforced by the city, which required inspection and permits for construction & alterations in addition to wide light & air areas between buildings, toilets, and running water in each apartment unit.

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7
Q

Public Works Admin

A

PWA - Created in 1934 during the Great Depression, provided 85% of the cost of public housing projects.

1st federally supported public housing program.

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8
Q

National Housing Act

A

Established Federal Housing Admin with purpose of insuring home mortgages.

1934.

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9
Q

Resettlement Admin
& the 3 greenbelt communities

A

Used New Deal funds to develop 3 new tons / “Greenbelt” communities.

Greenhills, OH
Greendale, WI
Greenbelt, MD

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10
Q

Servicemen’s Readjustment Act aka GI Bill

A

1944- granted home loans to veterens and resulted in rapid development of suburbs.

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11
Q

Housing Act of 1949

A

1st comp housing legislation passed in the U.S. - the act called for the construction of 800,000 new housing units and emphasized slum clearance.

FIRST act to deal with slum clearance.

Federal financing for slum clearance and increased authorization for FHA mortgage insurance

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12
Q

Housing Act of 1954

A

Called for slum prevention and urban renewal.

Provided funding for planning for cities under 25,000 population. Section 701 funds were later expanded to allow for statewide, interstate, and regional planning.

PROVIDED FUNDS FOR COMPREHENSIVE & LOCAL PLANNING.

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13
Q

Housing Act of 1959

A

Made federal matching funds available for COMP PLANNING at metro, regional, state, and interstate levels.

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14
Q

Housing Act of 1961

A

Provided interest subsidies to nonprofit organizations, limited-dividend corporations, coops, and public agencies for the construction of public housing projects for low to moderate income families to rent.

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15
Q

U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)

A

Formed in 1965 - through Housing and Urban Development act of 1965.

Put into place rent subsidies for the poor, home loans at reduced interest rates, and subsidies for public housing projects.

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16
Q

Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act

A

1966

Launch of model cities program.

Act provided financial incentives for coordinated metro area planning for open spaces, water supply, sewage disposal, and mass transit.

It also established a loan guarantee program to encourage the development of “new communities.”

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17
Q

Fair Housing Act (FHA)

A

Title VIII & Title IX of the Civil Rights Act of 1968.

Expanded on previous acts to prohibit discrimination concerning the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin, and since 1974, sex.

Protects people with disabilities and families with children (since 1988).

18
Q

Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968

A

Provided for the construction of six million subsidized housing units.

19
Q

Pruitt-Igoe

A

1972

Public housing development first occupied in 1954 - demolished in St Louis.

Its demolition marked a shift away from concentrated high-rise public housing.

20
Q

Community Development Block Grant Program

A

1974-

Was created under the chousing and community development act - grant program provides flexibility for communities to use federal funds for the improvement of blighted areas. The CDBG program consolidated six categorical urban programs into one.

Created Section 8 housing voucher program (amending the 1937 legislation) that provides rent subsidies for low-income housing.

21
Q

National Manufactured Housing Construction and Safety Act of 1974

A

Regulated manufactured housing units (sometimes called “mobile homes”) for the first time. Local ordinances can be used to regulate manufactured housing in terms of location, size, and appearance.

Act applied to all manufactured homes built in 1976 or later.

Act significantly updated in 2000.

22
Q

Home Mortgage Disclosure Act

A

HMDA (Humdah)

1975 Federal Law that requires financial institutions to report mortgage data to the public.

HMDA grew out of concern over a credit shortages in some neighborhoods. The law helps track whether banks are serving the housing credit needs of their communities, potentially identifying discriminatory lending patterns.

23
Q

Community Reinvestment Act (CRA)

A

1977 -

Encouraged banks to meet the credit needs of low-and-moderate income neighborhoods.

One aim of the CRA was to reverse the effects of redlining.

CRA requires federal regulators to assess how well each bank fulfills its obligations to low and moderate-income neighborhoods.

24
Q

Urban Development Action Grant Program (UDAG)

A

Authorized under the 1977 amendments to the 1974 housing and community development act.

UDAG promotes public-private partnerships for the redevelopment of urban areas.

Also required intergovernmental cooperation in the placement of projects.

UDAG cut funding for section 701 comp planning program.

25
Q

National Affordable Housing Act of 1990

A

Created the HOME Program, which provides funds for housing rehabilitation

26
Q

HOPE VI

A

1992 - passed by congress.

One of the most ambitious urban redevelopment efforts in the nation’s history. PROVIDES $ FOR PHYSICAL IMPROVEMENTS, MGMT IMPROVEMENTS, AND SOCIAL / COMM SERVICES to address PUBLIC HOUSING RESIDENT NEEDS.

Provided funds for the redevelopment of severely distressed public housing. It also allowed for the demolition of public housing & construction of new public housing in mixed-income neighborhoods, following the principles of New Urbanism.

Hope IV has dispersed public housing from previously concentrated locations.

Transformed HUD’s approach to housing assistance for the poor.

Failed to address the many African Americans who continue to live in uninhabitable housing

27
Q

Consolidated Plan

A

1995 HUD started requiring local communities to prepare a Consolidated Plan to receive funding from HUD programs -

It is both a process and a document. It is a process through which a community identifies its housing, homeless, and community development needs. Establishes multi-year goals and lays out an annual action plan. A consolidated plan is also a public document that details a community’s community development and housing profile.

28
Q

Which planning application requirements were replaced by the Consolidated Plan?

A

Replaces the planning application requirements for the following:
Community Development Block Grant (CDBG)
HOME Investment Partnership Program (HOME)
Emergency Shelter Grant (ESG)
Housing Opportunities for Persons with AIDS (HOPWA)

29
Q

Sweat equity

A

Interest or increased value in a property earned from labor put toward the restoration of a property.

EXAMPLE: Habitat for Humanity.

30
Q

Urban Homesteading

A

Been used by a number of cities to encourage residents to occupy and renovate vacant properties. HUD allows for federally owned properties to be sold to homesteaders.

31
Q

Workforce Housing

A

Term for subsidized housing meant for teachers, nurses, police officers, and others in the workforce. Term is popular because it has less of a social stigma than “affordable housing”

32
Q

Aging in America - By 2030 what percentage of people will be over the age of 65%?

A

20% of the US Population

33
Q

Community development banks

A

Operate in low- to moderate-income areas.
These banks are certified by the U.S. Department of Treasury. In addition, community development banks can seek an alternative designation by the National Community Investment Fund if they locate branches and provide loans in economically distressed areas.

34
Q

Colonias

A

Unincorporated subdivisions with little or no infrastructure sold to low-income individuals. Colonias are located in AZ, CA, New Mexi,& TX.

Mostly Hispanic.

35
Q

Housing Crisis / Homelessness

A

Lack of affordable housing
Limited scale of housing assistance programs have contributed to the current housing crisis and to homelessness.

Also contributors: lack of affordable health care, domestic violence, mental illness, addiction.

36
Q

Federal Property Administration Act of 1949 was developed to allow the government to do what?

A

Dispose of federal property

37
Q

Which federal agency works to dispose of excess federal property. IN most cases this land can be transferred for a public purpose.

A

General Services Admin.

38
Q

Low Income Housing Tax Credits (LIHTC)

A
  • Majority (90%) of newly created affordable rental housing in the US is funded by LIHTC
  • Max rent that can be charged in a unit funded by LIHTC is a percentage of an area’s median income
  • Unit affordability must be maintained for at least a fifteen-year compliance period.

Managed through a state housing finance agency - using the Qualified Allocation Plan (QAP)

39
Q

Which federal program provides rental assistance to low-income households?

A

Section 8 Certificates (through HUD)

40
Q

Housing Act of 1937

A

Wagner-Seagall act

Tied slum clearance to public housing

41
Q

How much bigger are homes today than they were 30 years ago?

A

on average - 50%

CG AICP (27 decks)

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