5.9 Malfunctions

Question 1

Stroke Symptoms

Answer 1

Face may drop to one side, may not be able to lift both arms, slurred speech

Question 2

Multiple Sclerosis symptoms

Answer 2

Fatigue, neuropathic pain, difficulty walking, bladder problems. Symptoms are relapsing and remitting.

Question 3

Symptoms of diabetes

Answer 3

Thirsty, frequently passing urine, type 1- weight loss, poor healing of wounds, nerve damage in feet, kidney disease.

Question 4

Symptoms of nephrotic syndrome

Answer 4

swelling, foamy urine, increase risk of infection, blood clots, high blood pressure

Question 5

Symptoms of cirrhosis

Answer 5

fatigue, jaundice, nausea, itch skin, weight loss, abdominal pain, spider like vessels, swollen tummy or legs.

Question 6

Physiological causes for stroke stroke

Answer 6

Ischaemic stroke- blood clot blocks the flow of blood and oxygen to the brain. Most often due to atherosclerosis
Haemorrhagic stroke- blood vessel inside the skull bursts and bleeds into and around the brain. Main cause is hypertension
In both types, blood flow to the brain becomes restricted- less oxygen to the brain.

Question 7

Physiological causes for multiple sclerosis

Answer 7

Immune system attacks cells within the central nervous system. Nerve cells may begin to die. Immune system triggers inflammation along the nerves- Schwann cells are attacked by WBC. Myelin layer degrades+ strips away from the axon. Process is called demyelination. Body relapses+ remissions causing scarring.

Question 8

Physiological causes for diabetes

Answer 8

Type 1- beta cells in the pancreas become damaged and unable to produce insulin. Insulin is needed to remove glucose from the blood to the cells. This equals high blood glucose levels. Damage may be immune system attacking pancreas, infection, trauma.
Type 2- Body develops insulin resistance, beta cells produce ineffective insulin.

Question 9

Physiological causes for nephrotic syndrome

Answer 9

Glomerulus inflamed- proteins pass out of the bloods into the filtrate, lots of proteins get lost through the urine. When blood is low in protein, fluid accumulates in the body+ tissues- causing swelling.
Glomeruli within the nephron becomes damaged, swollen, and permeable and protein molecules are forced into the Bowman’s capsule.

Question 10

Physiological causes for cirrhosis

Answer 10

Drinking too much alcohol- binge drinking, infections of the liver, Hepatitis B+C, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Liver tries to repair itself- scar tissue id formed, as this worsens more scar tissue is formed- until liver cannot function properly.

Question 11

Risk factors for stroke

Answer 11

Older age (55+)- arteries become weaker so more chance of damage occurring
Obesity- higher levels of cholesterol- build up of plaque- blocks flow of blood
Smoking- lining of arteries stickier- more plaque build up
Diet- high in saturated fats/salt- lining of artery thick of plaque
Hypertension- plaque breaks off artery wall, creating a blockage
Medical history- more likely to have more strokes if you have already had 1

Question 12

Risk factor for multiple sclerosis

Answer 12

Genetic predisposition- having a family member with MS puts you at an increased risk.
Female- 2-3x more likely- reason not known
Lack of vitamin D- more sunny countries have less people with MS
Viral infections
Smoking
Obesity
Stress

Question 13

Risk factors for diabetes

Answer 13

Family history
Type 2- obesity, inactivity, bad diet, older age

Question 14

Risk factors for nephrotic syndrome

Answer 14

Genetics
Chronic kidney disease- damages glomeruli
Infections in kidneys
High blood pressure

Question 15

Risk factors for cirrhosis

Answer 15

Alcohol- causes liver to die- large amounts over a long period of time cannot keep up with the repairing
Obesity- being overweight can increase the risk of developing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Question 16

Methods for monitoring strokes

Answer 16

Diagnosed using brain scans or CT scans- take several images from your brain in different angles allowing detailed images. Strokes can be identified by a CT scan as where the stroke has occurred it appears darker on the image.
Blood pressure monitoring- to see if it was a cause of the stroke
ECG- if irregular heart patterns was the cause
Blood cholesterol test- to see if a reduction in cholesterol would help to prevent another stroke

Question 17

Methods for monitoring Multiple Sclerosis

Answer 17

Neurological examination- assess the function of the nervous system- can identify potential problems which might cause MS- includes checks on speech and reflexes
MRI- uses a strong magnetic field to create an image of inside the brain- can pinpoint exact location/size of inflammation
Lumbar puncture- remove+ sample of the cerebrospinal fluid that surrounds the brain- looks at the number of white blood cells and the fluid would have more neurofilaments

Question 18

Methods for monitoring diabetes

Answer 18

Blood tests- finger prick tests done by yourself- several times a day
Flash glucose monitor- placed on body and monitors glucose levels throughout the day- alarms
Annual review- urine sample- glucose and ketone levels, HbA1C- blood test given 3 months average. Check blood blood pressure, cholesterol, screen eyes, and have feet checks.

Question 19

Methods for monitoring Nephrotic syndrome

Answer 19

Blood tests- measure albumin (protein in the blood)
Biopsy- small tissue sample

Question 20

Methods for monitoring Cirrhosis

Answer 20

Liver biopsy- needle used to remove a sample of liver tissue which are examined under a microscope for cirrhosis
Blood tests- can identify excess bilirubin in the blood and certain types of enzymes that may indicate liver disease
Scans- CT scans can detect structural changes in the liver such as stiffening or hardening which has occurred as a result of scarring

Question 21

Medical interventions for strokes

Answer 21

Anticoagulants- medication which prevents blood clots by increasing the time it takes the blood to produce fibrin. Reduces the risk of new blood clots forming
Clot busters- injections which dissolve blood clots, restoring blood flow to the brain. Must be used ASAP after a stroke so they are effective.

Question 22

Medical interventions for multiple sclerosis

Answer 22

No current cure, however symptoms can be alleviated.
Disease modifying therapy- drugs that allow and help the individual have fewer and severe relapses- slow down the progression of MS and gives body more time to repair before another relapse
Physiotherapy- help people maintain and manage their physical/mobility problems caused by MS, keeping muscles strong
Speech and language therapy- help to combat slower/slurred speech memory
Counsellors- manage emotional problems

Question 23

Medical intervention for diabetes

Answer 23

Type 1- insulin medication
Type 2- medication that reduces insulin resistance or medication that prevents the liver generating blood glucose, stimulate pancreas to produce insulin, weight loss, healthy diet and exercise, bariatric surgery.

Question 24

Medical intervention for nephrotic syndrome

Answer 24

Blood tests- help see if there is a low level of albumin protein in the blood
Biopsy- sample of kidney tissue is taken and examined under microscope
Urine tests- can be monitored daily at home using a dipstick test

Question 25

Medical intervention for cirrhosis

Answer 25

There is no cure, but the disease can be slowed by treating viral infections with anti-viral medications
Diuretics- manage the symptoms of ascites and oedema
Liver transplants- can be removed and replaced with a donor. 8 hour operation and 2 weeks in hospital

Question 26

Lifestyle changes for stroke

Answer 26

Reduce blood pressure/ cholesterol levels, improving diet (low fat, low salt, cutting down on alcohol), stopping smoking, and increasing exercise

Question 27

Lifestyle changes for multiple sclerosis

Answer 27

Little evidence that shows you can make lifestyle changes, but things like cutting down on smoking and loosing weight may help

Question 28

Lifestyle changes for diabetes

Answer 28

Diet- low carb/sugar diet, more vegetables, reducing saturated fats, reduce alcohol as it is high in sugar
Exercise- regular exercise helps to use glucose inn blood/ lowers blood sugar level, regular exercise would use carbs, losing weight as obesity is a risk factor

Question 29

Lifestyle changes for cirrhosis

Answer 29

Stopping drinking alcohol- give liver time to repair the damage, provided scar tissue has not started forming
Loosing weight- can prevent NAFLD from occurring