4.24 relations with indigenous people Flashcards
4 reason nationalism grew in Africa and Asian colonies?
-legacy of war
-economic and social discontent
-ethnic and religious rivalries
-charismatic and western educated leaders
Why did the legacy of war increase nationalism?
Much of the empire was affected by war (e.g direct fighting and occupation-black soldiers fought along side whites) expected some reward and British reluctance brought impatience
Why did economic and social discontent lead to the growth of nationalism?
Rapid post war growth but local people were not always skilled enough to benefit from job opportunities and development came at the expense of farming
There was also much youth who were educated and unwilling to take manual employment
How did ethnic and religious rivalries lead to the growth of nationalism?
Nationalist movements fuelled by tensions between ethnic groups (some felt discriminated against when Britain chose one group over another
Let restriction of Malay nationalist to those of Malay ethnicity in 1949
Why did Charismatic and western educated leaders lead to the growth or nationalism?
-able to unite different ethnic groups and absorb nationalist ideas
Why were the nationalist movements a threat to British interests ?
-called into question British belief of democracy
-sometimes there were militant and hard to control +expensive
How did the Malayan Races Liberation Army (MRLA) and Malayan Communist Party (MCP) threaten British Rule in Malaya?
-militant: attacked farms and police stations
-organised strikes MCP declared illegal 1948
High commissioner Sir Henry Gurney shot by guerrillas in 1951
Who did British co-operate with UMNO? :Malaya
-in order to defeat communists
-UMNO offered positive programme of action and was ready to combat the very difficult tactics adopted by militant moments of independence such as MRLA and MCP
What extend did ethnic tensions slow down the path of independence?
-Malay nationals restored to those of Malay ethnicity 1949
-Ja’afar UNMO to form Malaya independence party having failed to broaden his party’s membership
-cooperation with MCA in1954 and it ensured electoral success but did not resolve racial issues
Turku became first chief minister of Malaya in 195
Even after independence ethnic tensions were still problematic
To what extend were Britain forced to accelerate Malaya independence
-fearful of communism and the safety of their economic resources
Had to depend indigenous elected which they fished by offering self gov
What 3 regional groups were pushing for independence in Nigeria?
-national council of Nigeria and Cameroons(NCNc)-under command of Azikiwe(large appeal)
-action group: represented west of the country that were economically advanced
-northern people’s congress! Wanted to protect northern social and political institutions from southern influences
To what extend did ethnic tensions slow down the path to independence?(4)
-north Islamic area was anti western settlements
-west was economically western and wanted independence control
-southern nationalism influenced by west: promoted education and economic development
-took time to create a constitution that was workable and acceptable to all parties
What evidence is there that the British authorities were scared by the development of nationalist movements in the CAF?(3)
-creation of CAF in 1953 due to fears
-black nationalist parties emerged in a northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland
-state of emergency in Nyasland (2000 imprisoned with crimes relating to the emergency
What were the causes of the Mau Mau rebellion?(4)
-Kikuyu found themselves squeezed of the land to accommodate white settlers
-they were confined to reservation lands that were inadequate for their needs
-unemployment and poor conditions in towns
-significant over farming
To what extend what Britain to blame for the Mau Mau rebellion
-many of their grievances were result of the actions of white settlers
Governor sir Philip Michell announced in 199 self gov would not be possible which caused frustration
Who was the leader of the Mau Mai rebellion and wjat was his methods?
Sedan Kimathi
Used guerrilla tactics
Was camptired and executed in 195(
Viewed as a national hero of Kenyan people .
How many people were killed in the Mau Mau rebellion?
95 Europeans
13,000 blacks loyal to Europeans
What did the Mau Mau do that made them so violent?
-oaths of allegiance
Committing extreme violence
Lari massacred 24-26 March 1953 herded men women and children into hits and set fire to them
How did the British put down the Mau Mau rebellion(6)
-1000s troops semt to Kenya
-state of emergency 1952(suspend political rights)
-uprising cost Britain £55 million
-strike assassination squads massacre both innocent and guilty
-hola camp March 1959 11 deaths to death and 77 seriously injured
Britain sponsored welfare programmes to help ethnic groups who remained loyal
What were the results of the British response?
1952-56 1,200 killed and 81,000 detained
-Kenyans offered nearly all demands made by the KAU in 1951
-June 1956 programme of land reform increase the land holdings of the Kikuyu
Macmillans wim of change speech 1960 shift policy towards independence
-new gov Kenya Sir Patrick Renison paved way for move towards independence and black majority rule which was granted in 1963
How was the Mau Mau rebellion reported in the British media?
Horrified at the incident at the Hola camp
-state of emergency not lifted until 1960 British gov left embarrassed
What happened to the Hola camp incident
They were covered up
What were the consequences of the Mau Mau rebellion for the British?
-showed colonial gov was poorly equipped to deal with large-scale insurrection
What were the consequences of the Mau Mau rebellion for Kenyan nationalists?
200,000 fighters killed
-little done to reconcile their detainees
-Kenyatta their suspected leader still in prison
-Kenyatta released in 19060 and independence granted in 1963
Kenya: between 1946-52 how many squatters were deprived of their lively stock without compensation?
100,000
What was operation legacy?
British colonial program to prevent files being inherited by ex colonies ran from 1950s-70s(docs have racial and religious bias and detail of fortune methods to opponents of administrators
