3.13 expansion and contraction of empire Flashcards
What countries contributed significant amount of man power to help Britain in WW1?
India 1.4,
Canada 630k
Australia 420k
New Zealand 136j
What did the empire also supply British with that was crucial for the war efforts?
-vital raw materials
-presidents of dominions join war cabinet however it had two sessions and Britain dominated proceedings
When does David Lloyd George become priminster and what does he do?
1916 greater effort to put the use of resource of manpower and materials from empire
Who was imperial preferred introduced for?
Suppliers and schemes for future imperial self-sufficiency
What ways did WW1 affect the white dominions?(3)
Large number of people join armed forces
Dominions has the final say in if to adopt conscription
South African airforce fought successfully against the Germans in its colonies
When does New Zealand and Canada adopt conscription?
Canada: 1917
New Zealand: 1916
How did WW1 affect India?
-Indian army physically unprepared to fight a European war
-33% troops in France Autumn of 1914 were Indian or British soldiers who had formerly served in India -would fight to become an equal part of empire
In 1917 how much did the Indian government contribute towards Britain’s war effort
£100 million
In acknowledgment of India’s £100 million contribution in 1917 what did the Secretary of State for India promise?(Montagu)
More responsible self-government
How did WW1 affect British colonies in Africa?(2(
-Egypt turned into a protectorate 1914(1.2 million Egyptians recruited to protect Egypt and the Middle East)
70,000 west and East African troops fought in Africa
Why did Britain want to acquire Palestine?(2)
Main overland route to Britain’s India+Asian empire
Close proximity to suez canal
Why did Britain want to acquire Mesopotamia (Iraq)
Economic reasons (oil rich)
Want agreement did Britain and France plot to split up Ottoman Empire?
1916 Sykes-Picot agreement
Britain: Jordan, south Iraq and Palestine
France: east turret, north Iraq, Syria and Lebanon
What promise had Britain made to Palestine?
-encouraged Arab rebels to rebel against ottomans
But had also made promise to Jews in 1917 Balfour declaration(letter from former PM to Rothschild)
What did the Balfour declaration 1917 say and what did it not say
Promised British support for a national homeland
Did not promise a separate state or undermine Arab rights
What issues did the Balfour declaration lead to?
1918 Zionist commission campaign for new rights
Arabs set up Muslim-Christian association as a response
Violent chaises between the two
Jews migrate to Palestine by 1931(18% pop) was 7% in 1918
What convinced British offials that annexation shouldn’t be permanent? Egypt
Serious demonstrations in 1919
What stripped Germany of its former colonies?
1919
When was Sykes-Picot agreement?
May 1916
Wear stripped Ottoman Empire of ore colonial territories?
Treaty of Sèvres 1920
Treaty of Lausanne 1923
When did Britain recognise Egyptian independence?
1922
What was in cocked in the anglo-Egyptian treaty?1936
(3)
British troops withdraw to defend Suez Canal Zone
10,000 troops allowed in Suez Canal Zone but unlimited number of troops permitted in Egypt as an emergency
Egypt assisted to join League of Nations
When was the Dublin Easter rising?
1916
When did the Irish free state gain complete parliamentary independence?
Statute of Westminster 1931
In what ways we’re Middle Eastern mandates benefit to Britain?
-benefited strategic position in regards to India
Important to prevent absence of empire in the middle east to help restrain the growing Indian nationalism
In what ways we’re Middle Eastern mandates a burden to Britain?
-conflict between Arabs and Jews they had created had to be policed to prevent violence
Unemployment in Britain pre and after war
Pre:6%
After 10.9%
How many troops did empire contribute to ww2?
5 million
When did Japan seize major European imperial possessions?
Early 1942
When did Britain lose Singapore?
Feb 1942
How many Indian troops were captured by the Japanese in Singapore and what did they join?
Indian national army
Who led the Indian national army
Bose from 1943
He fought against the British and elsewhere
When were the Germans defeated back in North Africa?
Battle of El Alamein November 1942
Although Britain had emerged victorious what were their changed circumstances?
-worse economic position
-first labour gov under Attlee
-independence movements in India and Middle East grew stronger
In ww2 the destruction of factories, shipping cost Britain what
?
25 of wealth
Effects of ww2 on British economy
Britain’s Debt to GDP ratio had risen from 110% to 240%
How many soildiers killed ww2?
384,000
How many british deaths WW1?
880k
What did increasing nationalism after WW1 lead to?
Gov of India act 1919: system of limited self government for India based on sharing of powers between Indian ministers and British viceroy
What was the Rowlatt act 1919 and what did it lead to?
Harsher powers to arrest and imprison people against British rule
Amritsar massacre April 1919
What happened in the Amritsar massacre?
General Dyer fires on demonstrators killing 379cad injuring 1200
What happened to the round range conferences in the 1930s?
They failed
What was the Government of India act 1935?
Increased number of Indians eligible to vote and strengthen the elected provincial assemblies
Granted autonomous gov for Indian provinces w
Who led the all Indian muslim league and what did they want?
Ali Jinnah
Wanted a separate state of Pakistan
Who led the Hindu congress movement and what did they want?
Gandhi desired a United Indian state
When did Ghandi launch quit India campaign?
1942 after they rejected full dominion status
Why did the labour gov withdraw
Decided it was no longer desirable or feasible to keep India (feared if they tired to keep it there while he widespread violence)
+public option was in favour of independence
What did British decide to do with India?
Portion it April/May 1958 and independence for India and Pakistan would be granted by august 1947
How many people died in the violence of fleeing to India and Pakistan?
1million
What did the quit India campaign do to cause issues for britain
14,000 prisoners in 6 moths
900 dead
How many people became refugees
13 million
What led to many Jewish immigrants to Palestine and when were they allowed in?
Holocaust
100,000 Jews allowed in
Who supported the Jewish cause?
USA
What solution did Aran leaders want?
Unitary state(one gov)
What solution did Jews want?
Provincial autonomy(control of their own affairs)
When do Britain withdraw from Palestine and hand it to the UN?
September 1947 decide to withdraw by May 1948
