3.14 colonial policy and administration Flashcards
What is a dyarchy?
System of gov where power is divided between two authorities (introduced by gov of India act 1919)
How did 1919 gov of India act change India?
Viceroy retained control over major areas (defence and foreign affairs) council had to defend factions to a legislative council
Viceroy could act by decree for 6 months in case of an emergency
What was the legislative council?
Split into: lower house 104/144 were elected and an upper house where 34/60 were elected
What did the Simon commission recommend?
Was a review of Gov on India act (1919) in 1927 it had no Indian members
Recommended a federal system of gov to be created across India incorporating both provinces and princely states
Foreign affairs still remain viceroys power
What happened at round table conferences of 1930 and 31
-London
-Ghandi represents congress at the second one
No agreement
British reject Indian self government due to doubts about competence of non white leaders + India still strategic and economically important to Britain
How did 1935 gov of India act change India?
Made provinces completely self governing (could still be suspended in an emergency)
Indian held parliament 33% princes rear elecfed
Viceroy remained head of state and had right to veto laws and suspend constitution
Why did Indians oppose the gov of India act?
-congress party opposed it because it fell short of independence of white Indians
Why did the outbreak of ww2 lead to dither opposition to the British raj?
1939 members of congress-controlled ministers resigned from office in response to Indian participation in the war
British imposed direct rule and dealt with independence protest against the war with repression
Why did white settlers exercise dominance in Kenya?
Pressure put on gov for a degree of self-gov in 1920 by the white settlers
Power given to 25,000 white settlers who dominated legislative council
Taxed the Kikuyu heavily and banned them from growing commercial products to reduce competition
What was the Devonshire declaration 1923?
-African interests need to be respected
How did Britain attempt to promote economic and social development in its colonies?(2)
-Sudan 1920 £3 mil for cotton scheme
-£10 mil for rail and dock facilities in east Africa 1925
(Howler they to finance it themselves through taxes)
What was the colonial development act 1929?
-allocated £1m of British treasury funds for the development of projects across empire
(not enough money needed for development)
Why did dissatisfaction grow in the African colonies?
-suffered because of Great depression 1930s
-urbanisation-poor conditions in towns
What were the strategic, economic and international aims for Britain in the Middle East?
Strategic-protect Suez Canal and the surrounding territory
Economic-preserve access to oil
International aims:maintains their great power status
Why was the British colonial aims in Palestine difficult to achieve?
-financial strain on British and colonial gov post ww1
Controlling the growing jewish population and arbs was difficult
Disagreement between the pro-jewish British go and pro-Arab British authorities in Palestine
When does Britain sent 20,000 troops to Palestine to deal with Arab attacks on Jewish areas
1936
What happened to Palestine in 1939
15,000 Jews can emigrate each year for 5 years -ensure Arabs still remained majority
Road to iraq gaining independence in 1932?
-widespread Muslim demonstrations Baghdad 1920
-1921 Cairo conference Britain allow some self gov whilst maintaining military control
-1922 Anglo-Iraqi treaty: Fiscal I as king
1930 anglo-Iraqi treaty: full consultation on foreign policy matters
What led to Dominions want to control their own affairs?
Important role they played in ww1
What did 1926 commonwealth conference agree upon?
Dominions were autonomous within empire-not subordinate to one and other
United by common allergic d to the crown
What were the terms of the statute of Westminster 1931?(3)
-certain dominions should become independent nations
-laws passed in Britain not necessarily passed in dominions
-dominions free to pass own laws without approval
Why was imperial defence difficult in the inter-war period?
Servers economic difficulties
-aggressive regimes 1930s
-rose of nationalist movements
