4.22 attitudes to empire-role and influence of individuals

Question 1

What were the reasons nationalism grew 1947-67?(5)

Answer 1

-economic development from WW2
-education
-inspiration from Indian independence
-changed world after ww2
-political concession
-unity and leadership helped bring disparate people together

Question 2

What way did nationalist leaders apply pressure to British gov

Answer 2

-peaceful non-cooperation
-Violent protest
-forming political organisations

Question 3

How influential were leaders in bringing about decolonisation?(4)

Answer 3

-led nationalism

-widespread support for them in colonies

-mass movement was important

-British had military power to hold nationalist movements in check

Question 4

Who founded the organisation of African unity 1963?

Answer 4

Nkrumah

Question 5

When was Nkrumah imprisoned?

Answer 5

1948

Question 6

What years was Knrumah Gold Coast PM from?

Answer 6

1953-57

Question 7

What year did Nkrumah lose power

Answer 7

1966 via a coup

Question 8

Nigeria: what type of education did Azikiwe receive?

Answer 8

Western

Question 9

When did Azikiwi become leader of the National council and the Cameroons!

Answer 9

1944

Question 10

Why does Azikiwe deserve credit?

Answer 10

Prevented civil war, was able to negotiate between nationalists and British state (persuaded British it was possible for various ethnic groups to work successfully within a federal system’

Question 11

Kenya: where was Kenyatta educated

Answer 11

Scottish missionary school paying for it by working for white settlers

Question 12

What year did Kenyatta vibist London (stayed for 17 years)

Answer 12

1929

Question 13

What did Kenyatta do in Britain?

Answer 13

Developed his education, authored books including facing mount Kenya and grew determined to fight for independence

Question 14

When did Kenyatta return to Kenya as principal in a Kenya’s teacher college?

Answer 14

1947 he also became president of the African teachers union (KAU) from 1948-51 and toured and lectured around the country preaching for independence

Question 15

What led to the declaration of emergency in Kenya 1952

Answer 15

Emergence of Mau Mau movement

Question 16

When was Kenyatta arrested and what for?

Answer 16

Oct 1952

Managing and being a member of Mau Mau society

Sentenced to 7 year’s imprisonment with hard labour

Question 17

When was Kenyatta elected president of Kenya African National union?

Answer 17

May 1960 despite still being in prison

Question 18

When was the state of emergency lifted in Kenya and when was Kenyatta released from prison

Answer 18

Jan 1960

Was released in 1961-immediately began negotiations with British after his release

Question 19

When did Kenya gain independence

Answer 19

1963 and came a republic in 1964

Kenyatta as president for 14 years until he died

(His work ensured Kikuyu dominance over other groups he created a one party state in 1964 and expanded the constitution in 1966 to expand his own power

Question 20

Apolo Milton Obote profile?(Uganda)(6)

Answer 20

Educated Protestant missionary school and Makarere uni

Went to Kenya as a construction worker and gained socialist views

Joined Ugandan national congress in 1956 upon his return

1957 elected to legislative council

Was appointed in 1962 as PM of an independent Uganda by British governor general

Power maintained by military

Question 21

When was Obete overthrown

Answer 21

By amin in 1971 but he overthrew Amin in 1979

Was a violent and corrupt leader

Question 22

What was Nelson Mandela’s aim

Answer 22

Achieve equal rights for blacks and end apartheid

Question 23

When was Mandela arrested?

Answer 23

1962 for 5 years but extended for life in October 1954

Question 24

Why was colonial administration much harder in 1947-67

Answer 24

-international pressures
-internal pressures
-British gov asking them to enact change which was difficult to do

Question 25

What was Sir Andrew Cohen’s role in administration

Answer 25

-1947 appointed under-secretary for state of colonial office African division

-1952 Governor general of Uganda until 1957

Question 26

What was Cohen’s view on decolonisation?

Answer 26

Knew it was inevitable and wanted a managed retreat

Question 27

What actions did Cohen undertake in Uganda(6)

Answer 27

-cornered by treatment of Africans (news Jewish and the holocaust happened)

-listening to nationalists and devolved power to indigenous officials with superior knowledge of local affairs

-Cohen Report 1947: mapped out route for colonies to eventually become independent

-proposed CAF because he was concerned about effects of apartheid

-People didn’t want CAF state of emergency in 1955

-brought Africans into gov and lay groundwork for Ugandan independence 1962

Question 28

What was Sir John Machpherons role in empire

Answer 28

Governor of Nigeria 1948-55

Question 29

Want was the view of Sir John Macpherson on decolonisation?

Answer 29

-knew it was inevitable and introduced gradual reform, saw himself as a facilitator of independence

Question 30

What actions did Sir John Macpherosn undertake as a result of nationalist pressures?

Answer 30

-organised a major conference 1951: open discussions that would accommodate different regions

Question 31

What was Sir Charles Arden-Clarke’s role in empire?

Answer 31

Governor of Gold Coast from 1949

Saw his role as facilitator for independence

Question 32

What actions did Sir Arden Clarke take (3)

Answer 32

-secluded Nkrumah’s release from prison 1951 and brought him info gov

-managed relations between Nkrumah and Ashanti politicians who we’re concerned about the domination of an intellectual elites in the state

-delayed timetable for independence in 1956 to allow for a third general election under colonial rule so Nkrumah could prove he had the support of the people

Question 33

What was Barings view on decolonisation and what was his role

Answer 33

Gov of Kenya 1952-59

Committed to retraining control in Kenya

Question 34

What a thins did Baring take in Kenya?(3)

Answer 34

-state of emergency October 1952 in response to Mau Mau rebellion

-role in destruction of Kikuyu people in suppression of Mau Maj uprising

-virtual in govs efforts to keep violent realities of colonial rule from British public