4.22 attitudes to empire-role and influence of individuals Flashcards
What were the reasons nationalism grew 1947-67?(5)
-economic development from WW2
-education
-inspiration from Indian independence
-changed world after ww2
-political concession
-unity and leadership helped bring disparate people together
What way did nationalist leaders apply pressure to British gov
-peaceful non-cooperation
-Violent protest
-forming political organisations
How influential were leaders in bringing about decolonisation?(4)
-led nationalism
-widespread support for them in colonies
-mass movement was important
-British had military power to hold nationalist movements in check
Who founded the organisation of African unity 1963?
Nkrumah
When was Nkrumah imprisoned?
1948
What years was Knrumah Gold Coast PM from?
1953-57
What year did Nkrumah lose power
1966 via a coup
Nigeria: what type of education did Azikiwe receive?
Western
When did Azikiwi become leader of the National council and the Cameroons!
1944
Why does Azikiwe deserve credit?
Prevented civil war, was able to negotiate between nationalists and British state (persuaded British it was possible for various ethnic groups to work successfully within a federal system’
Kenya: where was Kenyatta educated
Scottish missionary school paying for it by working for white settlers
What year did Kenyatta vibist London (stayed for 17 years)
1929
What did Kenyatta do in Britain?
Developed his education, authored books including facing mount Kenya and grew determined to fight for independence
When did Kenyatta return to Kenya as principal in a Kenya’s teacher college?
1947 he also became president of the African teachers union (KAU) from 1948-51 and toured and lectured around the country preaching for independence
What led to the declaration of emergency in Kenya 1952
Emergence of Mau Mau movement
When was Kenyatta arrested and what for?
Oct 1952
Managing and being a member of Mau Mau society
Sentenced to 7 year’s imprisonment with hard labour
When was Kenyatta elected president of Kenya African National union?
May 1960 despite still being in prison
When was the state of emergency lifted in Kenya and when was Kenyatta released from prison
Jan 1960
Was released in 1961-immediately began negotiations with British after his release
When did Kenya gain independence
1963 and came a republic in 1964
Kenyatta as president for 14 years until he died
(His work ensured Kikuyu dominance over other groups he created a one party state in 1964 and expanded the constitution in 1966 to expand his own power
Apolo Milton Obote profile?(Uganda)(6)
Educated Protestant missionary school and Makarere uni
Went to Kenya as a construction worker and gained socialist views
Joined Ugandan national congress in 1956 upon his return
1957 elected to legislative council
Was appointed in 1962 as PM of an independent Uganda by British governor general
Power maintained by military
When was Obete overthrown
By amin in 1971 but he overthrew Amin in 1979
Was a violent and corrupt leader
What was Nelson Mandela’s aim
Achieve equal rights for blacks and end apartheid
When was Mandela arrested?
1962 for 5 years but extended for life in October 1954
Why was colonial administration much harder in 1947-67
-international pressures
-internal pressures
-British gov asking them to enact change which was difficult to do
What was Sir Andrew Cohen’s role in administration
-1947 appointed under-secretary for state of colonial office African division
-1952 Governor general of Uganda until 1957
What was Cohen’s view on decolonisation?
Knew it was inevitable and wanted a managed retreat
What actions did Cohen undertake in Uganda(6)
-cornered by treatment of Africans (news Jewish and the holocaust happened)
-listening to nationalists and devolved power to indigenous officials with superior knowledge of local affairs
-Cohen Report 1947: mapped out route for colonies to eventually become independent
-proposed CAF because he was concerned about effects of apartheid
-People didn’t want CAF state of emergency in 1955
-brought Africans into gov and lay groundwork for Ugandan independence 1962
What was Sir John Machpherons role in empire
Governor of Nigeria 1948-55
Want was the view of Sir John Macpherson on decolonisation?
-knew it was inevitable and introduced gradual reform, saw himself as a facilitator of independence
What actions did Sir John Macpherosn undertake as a result of nationalist pressures?
-organised a major conference 1951: open discussions that would accommodate different regions
What was Sir Charles Arden-Clarke’s role in empire?
Governor of Gold Coast from 1949
Saw his role as facilitator for independence
What actions did Sir Arden Clarke take (3)
-secluded Nkrumah’s release from prison 1951 and brought him info gov
-managed relations between Nkrumah and Ashanti politicians who we’re concerned about the domination of an intellectual elites in the state
-delayed timetable for independence in 1956 to allow for a third general election under colonial rule so Nkrumah could prove he had the support of the people
What was Barings view on decolonisation and what was his role
Gov of Kenya 1952-59
Committed to retraining control in Kenya
What a thins did Baring take in Kenya?(3)
-state of emergency October 1952 in response to Mau Mau rebellion
-role in destruction of Kikuyu people in suppression of Mau Maj uprising
-virtual in govs efforts to keep violent realities of colonial rule from British public
