1.1 Expansion Into Africa Flashcards
When does British invest in Africa date back to?
When Britain lost its American colonies in 1783
How did Britain loose control of its American colonies?
-disputes arose over taxes imposed by parliament-war broke out in 1775 with the rebels led by George Washington and the British were defeated in 1783 and the USA was formed
This changed the mentality to a ‘swing to the East’
What does the ‘swing to the East’ involve?
-Shift in imperial priorities in the nineteenth century . This outlook is marked as a desire for trade and economic dominance rather than through settler colonisation
When did Britain outlaw the slave trade?
1807
What was the Key reason for British expansion into Africa during the second half of the nineteenth century?
The prospect of further trade by opening up new routes inland and subsequently the discovery of more minerals and resources
What was sought in Africa in order to feed the demands of British industry?
-coal
-iron
-timber
As industrial productivity grew in Britain what needed to grow with it?
The sales market
Describe the cycle of dependency that grew in Britain?
-Britain exploited African resources in order to manufacture goods such as textiles and weapons to sell back to Africa
Increasing trade led to the growth of personal influences of British merchants
Merchant imperialists such as
-Rhodes
-Goldie
Did…
-reconsided and capitalised on new commodities and in the process of fame and fortune
What are the moral factors that led the expansion into Africa?
-Christian missionaries from the 1860s saw it as their moral duties to spread their faith among non-Christians
What factor led to British expansion into Africa under trade and economy?
The cycle of dependancy
Who is the most famous missionary and when did he go to Africa?
David Livingstone
-went to Africa in 1858 to try and make an open path for commerce and Christianity
What are the strategic factors that led to expansion into Africa?
-establish a colony at southerly most tip(cape colony)
-route to Middle East, India, China and Australia
What exploration factors led to expansion into Africa?
-whilst Africa had been added to most maps by 1857
-Congo river was charted by Europeans until 1867
-explores located reserves of
-raw materials
-gold
-palm oil
-Diamonds
When was the Berlin conference?
1884-85
What is a protectorate?
An area with its ruler, but placed under protection of the British crown which it controlled it militarily and usually influenced domestic policies through advisors
What is a charted company rule?
-area ran by a trading company (through local rulers from the indigenous population) with a special license from the British government which gave it political and economic rights
When was Basutoland colonised and what type of control.
1868
Protectorate established by a treaty
What is a client state?
Area with its own ruler but with string British influence which restricted that rulers independence politically economically and militarily
When was Griqualand West colonised and what type of control.
1873
Settlement established which led it to be drawn into cape colony in 1880
When was Transvaal colonised and what type of control.
1877
Occupied
When was zululand colonised and what type of control.
1879
Protectorate established by war
When was Egypt and (the Sudan) colonised and what type of control.
1882
Occupation establishing a client state
When was southern Nigeria colonised and what type of control.
1884
Charted company rule
When was British somaliland colonised and what type of control.
1884
Protectorate established by treaty
When was Northern Nigeria colonised and what type of control.
1885
Charted company rule
When was Gambia colonised and what type of control.
1888
Settlement established
When was British east Africa and Uganda colonised and what type of control.
1888
charted company rule
What years did British expansion mostly take place in?
1857-1890
Why were companies charted by British government in Africa?
Ensure other Europeans were excluded from lucrative British bases
When did British interest in Egypt increase?
American civil war 1861-65 as British mills were starved from cotton and Egypt provided good quality cotton
-led to British companies investing heavily in production of Egyptian cotton and the modernising programme of the ruling Isma’il Pasha
As trading interactions grew between Egypt and Britan, what % of Egypt imports were coming from Britain?
40%
When did Pasha come to power and what was his main aim?
1863
Modernise Egypt during his reign, investing in economic and industrial development
What was Pasha’s main project?
The Suez Canal
(But he also implemented street lighting and schools)
How much shorter is the suez route in comparison to the cape? To India
6000 Km shorter
What did Pasha’s policies ultimately do?
Placed him in severe debt which led to the selling of the suez shares to Britain in 1875
Why did the British not initially invest in Suez shares?
Didn’t think the canal would be unsuitable for large ships
When was the Suez Canal company set up?
1858 and was finished 10 years later
When did Britain but the suez shares (priminsiter Disraeli)?
1875(although France still had most of the shares
Disraeli spent 4 million on the shares
What did control of the Suez Canal lead to?
Greater British control in Egypt
Why was Pasha disposed of, by whom and when
1879
Ottoman sultan
Both domestic and Anglo-French pressure
Who became the new Khedive after Pasha?
Tewfig(his son)
What was keeping Egypt afloat by 1879?
British Monet and political interference and the British commissioner Lord Differin
What was done to improve Egypt’s economy?
Tax rises
Army reduced by 2/3rds
-led to nationalist rebellion
What happened in 1882?
Political tensions spilled onto the streets of Alexandria (violence claimed 50 Europeans and 125 Egyptians)-causes Gladstone to intervene and British naval forces sent to bombard Alexandria
Teqfig was restored as a…
Puppet ruler
Colonel Charles Gordon was sent as…
Governor General of Egyptian administered Sudan
What did Muhammed Ahmad do in Sudan 1881?
Proclaimed himself as the Mahdi or saviour of mankind
When did the Mahdists win and behead Gordon?
1885
