2.8 Imperal Amd Colonial Power

Question 1

Why did the colonial office d have difficulty keeping full control of empire?

Answer 1

-only 30 staff by 1914

-three trade made it easier because they abandoned the idea of controlling colonial economies

Question 2

Why did Governors have to be careful but still had considerable power?(4)

Answer 2

-could be dismissed if they exceed power

-requests for laws, Monet and fresh troops could be approved or rejected

-ones with friends in high places were difficult to remove

-colonial office would select and watch them in case of infringements

Question 3

How was the Raj administered?

Answer 3

London British officials have ultimate power until 1909 when there is an element of representative gov introduced at a provincial level

Viceroy in charge backed by Indian civil service (mostly white)

Some degree of Indian representatives in provincial councils were included in 1892 and 1909 further exploiting

Question 4

Why did Viceroy Curzon introduce reforms to Indian demands

Answer 4

-he was mindful of criticisms of broadband rule from professional middle class and their representative body the Indian national congress

-pressure also from humanitarian groups(servants of India) which was active in GNI bottom of the caste system who wanted reforms

Question 5

When was Curzon Viceroy from

Answer 5

1899-1905

Question 6

When was the Indian national congress established?

Answer 6

1885

Question 7

What reforms did Curzon introduce and why?(4)

Answer 7

Why: make administration cheaper and efficient

What: founded imperial cadet Corps in 1901 to give native princes and elites military training

-lowered taxes, reformed universities and police and adopted Gold standard to ensure a stable currency

-set up commerce and industry department to promote industry and an agricultural department to sponsor research

Question 8

What was the northwest frontier?(3)

Answer 8

-1901 Curzon sets it up to protect border from Russian incursions

Curzon temporarily invaded Tibet 1903 in response to perceived Russian ambition in the area

Despises were solved in 1907 with the ‘entente’ alliance and Curzon left office

Question 9

When was the partition of Bengal?

Answer 9

1905

Question 10

What was the partition of Bengal

Answer 10

Bengal split into two provinces (Muslim majority east Hindu majority west)

Carried out in October 1905 huge outroar (many Hindus in west owned lands in east)

-led to Hindu strikes and a boycott of British goods

-Muslim elite supporter partition and formed All Indian Muslim league 1906 to safeguard Muslim rights

Helped bring about Curzon’s resignation in 1905

Question 11

When were the fractions of Bengal reunited

Answer 11

1911

Question 12

When was Minto Viceroy

Answer 12

1905-10(same time as new liberal gov)

Question 13

What was the Morley minto reforms(deal with the fall out of the widespread discontent left by Curzon) (2)

Answer 13

-1909 Indian councils act enabled 27 Indians to be elected from provincial constituencies to the viceroys council

-1910 election for enlarged provincial councils 135 Indians able to secure sears across the subcontinent and play a greater part in provincial gov

Question 14

When was Hardinge Viceroy?

Answer 14

1910-1916

Question 15

When did Viceroy Hardinge see the visit from King George V as a chance to do what in 1911

Answer 15

Reunite Bengal

Question 16

What did Viceroy Hardinge do of significance?

Answer 16

Moved Capitalfrom Calcutta to Delhi (Muslim stronghold( to undermine Hindu revolutionary groups

Declared war on India’s behalf in 1914 without consulting Indian representatives first

Question 17

When did Britain assure direct rule in Egypt

Answer 17

1914

Question 18

What 3 restrictions were on Britain’s control of Egypt?

Answer 18

Capitulation: law making slowed down as any new Egyptian law affecting Europeans had to be approved by all govs of countries represented in Egypt

Causes de la Dette: controlled Egypt’s fiances. Half country’s rev spent to European bond holders (members of Caisse could prevent British Cosnul general spending money on matters they disapproved of

-mixed courts: had been set up to deal with cases involving Egyptians and Europeans presided over by European and Egyptian judges who were not always supportive of British

Question 19

Why did the French become more co-operative in Egypt?(2)

Answer 19

After 1899 Fashoda incident British and France grew closer and signed an entente in 1904

French agreed to respect British specks rights in Egypt and Britain recognise the French takeover of Morroco

Question 20

When did Britain and France sign an Entente

Answer 20

1904

Question 21

What years did Lord Baring act as adviser to the Khedive?

Answer 21

1883-1907

Question 22

Describe the administration of Egypt?

Answer 22

Partially elected parliament

Consisting of Advisory council of laws and a general assembly (if they resisted British advice they could be dismissed)

Question 23

How many Britons were in gov 1885 and 1905

Answer 23

1885: 100
1905: 1000

Question 24

Describe the finances of Egypt?

Answer 24

Pasha had accumulated £70 mil in debt mostly to European bond holders

Baring made cut backs to military and Bureaucracy, within 10 years exports of cotton and sugar had tripled and population 7m-10m

Question 25

What projects were there in Egypt?(2)

Answer 25

Improved conditions for Egyptian labourers introduced better sanitation and health services in towns

Aswan Dam build(18 miles high 6 years to build 2 million)

Question 26

When was the Aswan dam opened

Answer 26

1902

Question 27

What did the Aswan dam allow do?

Answer 27

Allowed 500,000 acres of former desert to be irrigated with water from its reservoir

Question 28

what were the military changes in Egypt

Answer 28

6,000 British troops to ensure British interests were not jeopardised

Question 29

Baring changes in education?

Answer 29

Was wary because efforts of raised expectations in India Lessing to national protest

Egyptians were rarely offered more than a few years of Elementary schooling 1909 university of Chairo founded

Question 30

Why did British not promote the cloth-making industry in Egypt which would have provided jobs for the unemployed

Answer 30

Only interested in production of raw cotton to keep sinners in Lancaster employed

Question 31

What opposition to Egyptian rule began to grow

Answer 31

-middle class annoyed little being dome to help poor and failure to deal with corruption in gov

-nationalist part Al-hazin al Watani founded in 1881 but revived in 1893

Question 32

Wear did Al-Hizib al Watani want

Answer 32

End of British occupation

Attracted many educated Europeans living in Egypt (lawyers and professionals)

Question 33

When was the Denshawai incident?

Answer 33

June 1906

Question 34

What happened in the Denshawai incident

Answer 34

Clash beteeen British officer and Egyptian officers

Gun injures a civilian -British soldier also dies

Question 35

War as the outcome of the Denshawai incident?

Answer 35

-52 villagers arrested
-4 convicted of murder
-1 excited

Question 36

Who was baring succeeded by in 1907

Answer 36

Eldon Gorst

Question 37

What did (2)Eldon Gorst do in his time?

Answer 37

-bright more Egyptians into responsible gov positions to weaken the nationalist party

Tried to impose tight censorship of the press in 1909

Question 38

What happens when Kitchener takes over 1911-14

Answer 38

British dominance increases

Question 39

What happens during the period Kitchener was in charge?

Answer 39

-1913 legislative assembly replaces advisory council of laws and general assembly (consists of 66 elected members and 17 appointed nominees)(represents rich land owners rather than normal people)

Britain declared a protectorate over Egypt 1914 after Ottoman Empire side with central powers-khedive deposed and new one has tp protect British protection

Question 40

What was policy towards the white settler colonies?

Answer 40

-Canada semi-independent dominion status 1867

Australia 1901

New Zealand 1907

South Africa in 1910

British trusted these areas to remain loyal -still subject to British rule over defence, foreign affairs and international commerce

Question 41

What was British policy towards other areas?

Answer 41

-worked alongside local elites

-had to work out which individuals could he trusted -often large landowners or nobles gained titles or privileges

Question 42

What was British policy on divided areas?

Answer 42

-become friendly with only one group

Suth Africa: Swazis parter with Britain, Zulu and Pedri end up in a war against Britain

Question 43

What was Britain’s foreign policy for most the 19th century

Answer 43

Splendid isolation (made possible by the dominance of the navy)

Question 44

Why were Russia threatening with Britain in the 1890s

Answer 44

French alliance with Russia 1892 giving them a Mediterranean

Question 45

When were 300,000 Russian troops moved near Afghanistan (only 100,000 soldiers in Indian army)

Answer 45

1900

Question 46

Why was Germany a threat to Britain

Answer 46

Starting building up navy , alliance with Austria-Hungary 1870 which Italy joined in 1882-also established relationship with Ottoman Empire better access to Africa

Question 47

Describe the treaties of Britain moving away from splendid isolation?

Answer 47

1902 anglo-Japanese alliance gained some security in the event of being attacked by two other powers

1904 Entente alliance with France

1907 triple Entente Russia joins

Question 48

Kaiser and Morocco?

Answer 48

1905 threatened France interests resolved by Algeciras conference in 1906

1911 20,000 French soldiers to disperse Moroccan rebels -Kaiser sent a warship to Morocco before changing his mind

Question 49

Why and when was the imperial conference held

Answer 49

1909 to deal with the German threat

Question 50

What was the outcome of the imperial conference?

Answer 50

Britain could not maintain in big naval development now Germany was exhaling forces quickly- instead of being ounce strength settle for a 60% margin