2.8 Imperal Amd Colonial Power Flashcards
Why did the colonial office d have difficulty keeping full control of empire?
-only 30 staff by 1914
-three trade made it easier because they abandoned the idea of controlling colonial economies
Why did Governors have to be careful but still had considerable power?(4)
-could be dismissed if they exceed power
-requests for laws, Monet and fresh troops could be approved or rejected
-ones with friends in high places were difficult to remove
-colonial office would select and watch them in case of infringements
How was the Raj administered?
London British officials have ultimate power until 1909 when there is an element of representative gov introduced at a provincial level
Viceroy in charge backed by Indian civil service (mostly white)
Some degree of Indian representatives in provincial councils were included in 1892 and 1909 further exploiting
Why did Viceroy Curzon introduce reforms to Indian demands
-he was mindful of criticisms of broadband rule from professional middle class and their representative body the Indian national congress
-pressure also from humanitarian groups(servants of India) which was active in GNI bottom of the caste system who wanted reforms
When was Curzon Viceroy from
1899-1905
When was the Indian national congress established?
1885
What reforms did Curzon introduce and why?(4)
Why: make administration cheaper and efficient
What: founded imperial cadet Corps in 1901 to give native princes and elites military training
-lowered taxes, reformed universities and police and adopted Gold standard to ensure a stable currency
-set up commerce and industry department to promote industry and an agricultural department to sponsor research
What was the northwest frontier?(3)
-1901 Curzon sets it up to protect border from Russian incursions
Curzon temporarily invaded Tibet 1903 in response to perceived Russian ambition in the area
Despises were solved in 1907 with the ‘entente’ alliance and Curzon left office
When was the partition of Bengal?
1905
What was the partition of Bengal
Bengal split into two provinces (Muslim majority east Hindu majority west)
Carried out in October 1905 huge outroar (many Hindus in west owned lands in east)
-led to Hindu strikes and a boycott of British goods
-Muslim elite supporter partition and formed All Indian Muslim league 1906 to safeguard Muslim rights
Helped bring about Curzon’s resignation in 1905
When were the fractions of Bengal reunited
1911
When was Minto Viceroy
1905-10(same time as new liberal gov)
What was the Morley minto reforms(deal with the fall out of the widespread discontent left by Curzon) (2)
-1909 Indian councils act enabled 27 Indians to be elected from provincial constituencies to the viceroys council
-1910 election for enlarged provincial councils 135 Indians able to secure sears across the subcontinent and play a greater part in provincial gov
When was Hardinge Viceroy?
1910-1916
When did Viceroy Hardinge see the visit from King George V as a chance to do what in 1911
Reunite Bengal
What did Viceroy Hardinge do of significance?
Moved Capitalfrom Calcutta to Delhi (Muslim stronghold( to undermine Hindu revolutionary groups
Declared war on India’s behalf in 1914 without consulting Indian representatives first
When did Britain assure direct rule in Egypt
1914
What 3 restrictions were on Britain’s control of Egypt?
Capitulation: law making slowed down as any new Egyptian law affecting Europeans had to be approved by all govs of countries represented in Egypt
Causes de la Dette: controlled Egypt’s fiances. Half country’s rev spent to European bond holders (members of Caisse could prevent British Cosnul general spending money on matters they disapproved of
-mixed courts: had been set up to deal with cases involving Egyptians and Europeans presided over by European and Egyptian judges who were not always supportive of British
Why did the French become more co-operative in Egypt?(2)
After 1899 Fashoda incident British and France grew closer and signed an entente in 1904
French agreed to respect British specks rights in Egypt and Britain recognise the French takeover of Morroco
When did Britain and France sign an Entente
1904
What years did Lord Baring act as adviser to the Khedive?
1883-1907
Describe the administration of Egypt?
Partially elected parliament
Consisting of Advisory council of laws and a general assembly (if they resisted British advice they could be dismissed)
How many Britons were in gov 1885 and 1905
1885: 100
1905: 1000
Describe the finances of Egypt?
Pasha had accumulated £70 mil in debt mostly to European bond holders
Baring made cut backs to military and Bureaucracy, within 10 years exports of cotton and sugar had tripled and population 7m-10m
What projects were there in Egypt?(2)
Improved conditions for Egyptian labourers introduced better sanitation and health services in towns
Aswan Dam build(18 miles high 6 years to build 2 million)
When was the Aswan dam opened
1902
What did the Aswan dam allow do?
Allowed 500,000 acres of former desert to be irrigated with water from its reservoir
what were the military changes in Egypt
6,000 British troops to ensure British interests were not jeopardised
Baring changes in education?
Was wary because efforts of raised expectations in India Lessing to national protest
Egyptians were rarely offered more than a few years of Elementary schooling 1909 university of Chairo founded
Why did British not promote the cloth-making industry in Egypt which would have provided jobs for the unemployed
Only interested in production of raw cotton to keep sinners in Lancaster employed
What opposition to Egyptian rule began to grow
-middle class annoyed little being dome to help poor and failure to deal with corruption in gov
-nationalist part Al-hazin al Watani founded in 1881 but revived in 1893
Wear did Al-Hizib al Watani want
End of British occupation
Attracted many educated Europeans living in Egypt (lawyers and professionals)
When was the Denshawai incident?
June 1906
What happened in the Denshawai incident
Clash beteeen British officer and Egyptian officers
Gun injures a civilian -British soldier also dies
War as the outcome of the Denshawai incident?
-52 villagers arrested
-4 convicted of murder
-1 excited
Who was baring succeeded by in 1907
Eldon Gorst
What did (2)Eldon Gorst do in his time?
-bright more Egyptians into responsible gov positions to weaken the nationalist party
Tried to impose tight censorship of the press in 1909
What happens when Kitchener takes over 1911-14
British dominance increases
What happens during the period Kitchener was in charge?
-1913 legislative assembly replaces advisory council of laws and general assembly (consists of 66 elected members and 17 appointed nominees)(represents rich land owners rather than normal people)
Britain declared a protectorate over Egypt 1914 after Ottoman Empire side with central powers-khedive deposed and new one has tp protect British protection
What was policy towards the white settler colonies?
-Canada semi-independent dominion status 1867
Australia 1901
New Zealand 1907
South Africa in 1910
British trusted these areas to remain loyal -still subject to British rule over defence, foreign affairs and international commerce
What was British policy towards other areas?
-worked alongside local elites
-had to work out which individuals could he trusted -often large landowners or nobles gained titles or privileges
What was British policy on divided areas?
-become friendly with only one group
Suth Africa: Swazis parter with Britain, Zulu and Pedri end up in a war against Britain
What was Britain’s foreign policy for most the 19th century
Splendid isolation (made possible by the dominance of the navy)
Why were Russia threatening with Britain in the 1890s
French alliance with Russia 1892 giving them a Mediterranean
When were 300,000 Russian troops moved near Afghanistan (only 100,000 soldiers in Indian army)
1900
Why was Germany a threat to Britain
Starting building up navy , alliance with Austria-Hungary 1870 which Italy joined in 1882-also established relationship with Ottoman Empire better access to Africa
Describe the treaties of Britain moving away from splendid isolation?
1902 anglo-Japanese alliance gained some security in the event of being attacked by two other powers
1904 Entente alliance with France
1907 triple Entente Russia joins
Kaiser and Morocco?
1905 threatened France interests resolved by Algeciras conference in 1906
1911 20,000 French soldiers to disperse Moroccan rebels -Kaiser sent a warship to Morocco before changing his mind
Why and when was the imperial conference held
1909 to deal with the German threat
What was the outcome of the imperial conference?
Britain could not maintain in big naval development now Germany was exhaling forces quickly- instead of being ounce strength settle for a 60% margin
