2.8 Imperal Amd Colonial Power Flashcards
Why did the colonial office d have difficulty keeping full control of empire?
-only 30 staff by 1914
-three trade made it easier because they abandoned the idea of controlling colonial economies
Why did Governors have to be careful but still had considerable power?(4)
-could be dismissed if they exceed power
-requests for laws, Monet and fresh troops could be approved or rejected
-ones with friends in high places were difficult to remove
-colonial office would select and watch them in case of infringements
How was the Raj administered?
London British officials have ultimate power until 1909 when there is an element of representative gov introduced at a provincial level
Viceroy in charge backed by Indian civil service (mostly white)
Some degree of Indian representatives in provincial councils were included in 1892 and 1909 further exploiting
Why did Viceroy Curzon introduce reforms to Indian demands
-he was mindful of criticisms of broadband rule from professional middle class and their representative body the Indian national congress
-pressure also from humanitarian groups(servants of India) which was active in GNI bottom of the caste system who wanted reforms
When was Curzon Viceroy from
1899-1905
When was the Indian national congress established?
1885
What reforms did Curzon introduce and why?(4)
Why: make administration cheaper and efficient
What: founded imperial cadet Corps in 1901 to give native princes and elites military training
-lowered taxes, reformed universities and police and adopted Gold standard to ensure a stable currency
-set up commerce and industry department to promote industry and an agricultural department to sponsor research
What was the northwest frontier?(3)
-1901 Curzon sets it up to protect border from Russian incursions
Curzon temporarily invaded Tibet 1903 in response to perceived Russian ambition in the area
Despises were solved in 1907 with the ‘entente’ alliance and Curzon left office
When was the partition of Bengal?
1905
What was the partition of Bengal
Bengal split into two provinces (Muslim majority east Hindu majority west)
Carried out in October 1905 huge outroar (many Hindus in west owned lands in east)
-led to Hindu strikes and a boycott of British goods
-Muslim elite supporter partition and formed All Indian Muslim league 1906 to safeguard Muslim rights
Helped bring about Curzon’s resignation in 1905
When were the fractions of Bengal reunited
1911
When was Minto Viceroy
1905-10(same time as new liberal gov)
What was the Morley minto reforms(deal with the fall out of the widespread discontent left by Curzon) (2)
-1909 Indian councils act enabled 27 Indians to be elected from provincial constituencies to the viceroys council
-1910 election for enlarged provincial councils 135 Indians able to secure sears across the subcontinent and play a greater part in provincial gov
When was Hardinge Viceroy?
1910-1916
When did Viceroy Hardinge see the visit from King George V as a chance to do what in 1911
Reunite Bengal
What did Viceroy Hardinge do of significance?
Moved Capitalfrom Calcutta to Delhi (Muslim stronghold( to undermine Hindu revolutionary groups
Declared war on India’s behalf in 1914 without consulting Indian representatives first
When did Britain assure direct rule in Egypt
1914
What 3 restrictions were on Britain’s control of Egypt?
Capitulation: law making slowed down as any new Egyptian law affecting Europeans had to be approved by all govs of countries represented in Egypt
Causes de la Dette: controlled Egypt’s fiances. Half country’s rev spent to European bond holders (members of Caisse could prevent British Cosnul general spending money on matters they disapproved of
-mixed courts: had been set up to deal with cases involving Egyptians and Europeans presided over by European and Egyptian judges who were not always supportive of British
Why did the French become more co-operative in Egypt?(2)
After 1899 Fashoda incident British and France grew closer and signed an entente in 1904
French agreed to respect British specks rights in Egypt and Britain recognise the French takeover of Morroco
When did Britain and France sign an Entente
1904
What years did Lord Baring act as adviser to the Khedive?
1883-1907
Describe the administration of Egypt?
Partially elected parliament
Consisting of Advisory council of laws and a general assembly (if they resisted British advice they could be dismissed)
How many Britons were in gov 1885 and 1905
1885: 100
1905: 1000
Describe the finances of Egypt?
Pasha had accumulated £70 mil in debt mostly to European bond holders
Baring made cut backs to military and Bureaucracy, within 10 years exports of cotton and sugar had tripled and population 7m-10m
