2.7 Wilson and Social and Cultural Change Flashcards
What had the age of affluence led to?
A more materialistic society
Who was greater violence associated with?
The Teddy Boys
What did the mid-50s see a cult of?
‘Angry young men’
Give an example of greater sexual realism in the arts
Lady Chatterley’s Lover
When did the Homicide Act abolish the death penalty?
1957
When did the Wolfenden Committee Report on Homosexuality and Prostitution?
1957
What supplanted cinema as a means of entertainment?
Television
In 1961, _____ of the population had a TV in their home and by 1971 it was _____
In 1961, 75% of the population had a TV in their home and by 1971 it was 91%
Who became the Director-General of the BBC in 1960?
Hugh Greene
What did Hugh Greene want to do with the BBC?
He wanted to transform it
- Guidelines on nudity and swearing were revised
- A new style of news presentation was commissioned.
What channel launched in 1955?
ITV
What could grow as a result of the ITV launch?
Television advertising
BBC launched in…
1964
Which channel became the first to broadcast colour programmes regularly?
BB in 1967
Why did radios stay popular?
They were cheap, there were portable transistors, and the spread of car radios
Which radio station was favoured amongst teens?
Radio Luxembourg
What could people listen to after 1964?
‘pirate stations’
After the pirate stations were banned, what was set up?
BBC Radio One
When did The Sun launch?
1964
Who bought The Sun in 1969?
Rupert Murdoch
What percentage of time accounted for leisure time in 1969?
23%
What activities were popular in the 1960s?
DIY and gardening, cookery, needlework, and knitting
What types of events declined in the 1960s?
Live event attendance (theatre and football matches)
Car journeys made up ____% of journeys by 1974
77%
What grew in popularity as a result of cheaper cars?
Visiting shopping centres, golf, sailing, and caravvaning
What airway was founded in 1964?
Britainia Airway
Where did Britainia Airway fly to?
Spain, Canary Islands, Malta, Bulgaria, and North Africa
While flights abroad were on the rise, who were their primary buyer?
The middle classes
When did England win the World Cup?
1966
How did Wilson try to exploit football’s popularity
He was seen on the balcony of a west end hotel with Bobby Moore and other footballers
Who were the old role models of football?
Stanley Matthews and Tommy Lawton
How was George Best different from Stanley Matthews and Tommy Lawton?
He had long hair, a highly publicised sex life, and eventually lapsed into alcoholism.
Who did football attract?
Working class men
Which Anglo-French development began in 1962?
The development of the concorde
When was the first concorde flight?
1969
Why was the Post Office Tower (BT Tower now) significant?
It was the tallest building in Britain
It helped improve telecommunications
In 1950s, Penguin Books was prosecuted and acquitted for what novel?
Lady Chatterley’s Lover
What act abolished the Lord Chamberlain’s right to censor stage plays?
1968 Theatre’s Act
Which board censored films through the 1960s?
The British Board of Film Censors
What new satirical programmes began?
That Was The Week That Was
What satirical magazines began?
Private Eye
Which artists, styled Pop Art, represented a decline in permissive attitudes?
David Hockney
What became more acceptable on TV by the end of the 1960s?
Screen violence and sex
Did the new lack of censors create a wave of depravity?
No - they just legitimised changes that had already taken place in society
Who began the ‘Clean-up TV’ campaign in 1964
Mary Whitehouse
When was the National Viewers and Listeners Association set up?
1965
How many members did the National Viewers and Listeners Association have soon after it’s creation?
100,000
Overall, did Mary Whitehouse have much impact on the TV shows shown?
No.
By 1970, how many women MPs were there?
26
Give examples of women that Harold Wilson included in his cabinet.
Barbara Castle
Judith Hart
Shirley Williams
Peggy Herbison
When was the Equal Pay Act signed?
1970
When was the Sex Discrimination Act passed?
1975
When did second-wave feminism begin?
It is said to have begun with Betty Friedan in the 1960s in the US
What did the Feminine Mystique claim about women?
That women were unfulfilled with restrictive lives
What percentage of women made up higher education students?
28%
How many women ever achieved managerial posts in he 1960s?
5%
Within the working class, what was the norm for women?
Education still carried a domestic slant, girls left school at the minimum age to get married
What jobs did women often have to take?
Clerical or the service sector
Why was it hard for working class women to work?
Childminders were rare in the 1960s aand private nurseries were only available for the wealthy
Why was it difficult for any woman to work?
Working mothers were often portrayed as unnatural and selfish by the media
When was the NHS Family Planning Act?
1967
What was the NHS Family Planning Act?
Allowed local authorities to provide contraceptives and contraceptive advice for the first time
How did the number of ‘illegitimate births’ rise between 1960 and 1970?
In 1960 - 5.8%
In 1970 - 8.2%
When was the Abortion Act passed?
1967
Give examples of feminist publications
Women: The Longest Revolution (1966) by Julliet Mitchell
Female Eunuch (1970) by Germaine Greer
Which Committee for women was set up in 1969?
Women’s National Coordination Committee
What was the Women’s National Coordination Committee?
Brought various strands of the feminist movement together
When was the first National Women’s Liberation Conference held?
At Ruskin College, Oxford in 1970
What did the National Women’s Liberation Conference demand?
Equal pay
Free contraception and abortion on request
Equal educational and job opportunities
Free 24 hour childcare
What did the 1970 Matrimonial Property Act state
The work of a wife, whether in paid employment or in the home, should be taken into account during divorce proceedings
What did the 1970 Equal Pay Act state?
It established the principle of equal pay for equal work - although it did not come into force until 1975
What was the yearly average of divorces filed in England and Wales in the first half of the 1960s?
37,657
What was the yearly average of divorces filed in England and Wales in the second half of the 1960s?
57,089
According to opinion polls, what percentage of people were in favour of making divorce reform easier?
30-40%
Attitudes towards premarital sex amongst the young became more…
Tolerant
In 1963, what percentage of couples believed that premarital sex was wrong?
66%
By the early 1970s, what percentage of couples believed that premarital sex was wrong?
10%
What did the sleeve of Jimi Hendrix’s album ‘Electric Lady Land’ feature?
21 nude models
What did Muggeridge write about the nation’s obsession with sex?
‘the orgasm has replaced the Cross as the focus of longing’
When did the pill become available on the NHS
1969
By 1970, what percentage of single women relied on the pill?
Only 9%
Who had great opposition to the introduction of the pill?
The Catholic Church
Promiscuity was rare. True or false?
True
What percentage of 25 year old men interviewed had said they had intercourse with more than one partner over the last year?
17%
In 1969, out of 500 schools sampled, how many gave direct information about the methods of contraception?
10%
How did people surveyed feel about homosexuality?
12% ‘tolerant’
24% ‘revulsion’
22% ‘pity’
When was the first teenager charged with posession of marijuana?
1952
By 1967, how many people had been prosecuted for possession of marijuana?
2,500
Which drugs were on the rise during the 1960s?
LSD
Cocaine and heroin addictions were 10x more prevalent
What did the 1967 Dangerous Drugs Act do?
Made it unlawful to possess drugs like cannabis and cocaine
What did the 1968 Wootton Report suggest?
Legalising soft drugs
Who rejected the recommendations of the Wootton Report?
Callaghan
In 1970, supplying drugs carried what sentence?
Maximum of 14 years
In 1967, what percentage thought that dealing ‘soft’ drugs should be a criminal offence?
88%
In 1967, what percentage thought that taking ‘soft’ drugs should be a criminal offence?
77%
38% of people questioned in February 1970 considered what to be the biggest threat to law and order?
Drug dealers
When was the death penalty abolished?
1967
What happened in Clacton in 1964?
1,000 mods caused havoc, clashing with rockers and the police
Which seaside areas in particular were a point of violence on bank holidays in 1964?
Margate, Brighton, and Bournemouth
In the 1960s, how many people were in favour of the death penalty?
Between 61% and 82%
When did the Conservative Party succeed in forcing a vote on the restoration of capital punishment?
1969
What did young people clash with their parents over?
Fashion, music, and moral standards
What was used more than illegal drugs, according to a 1969 study amongst young people?
Alcohol, tobacco and caffeine.
Give examples of the photographers that helped create the supermodel
David Bailey
Terence Donovan
Give examples of supermodes from the 1960s
Twiggy and Jean Shrimpton
Which road in London became the centre of the fashion world?
The King’s Road
Carnaby Street epitomised ‘cool swinging London’
Who is believed to have created the mini skirt?
Mary Quant in 1965
Who revolutionised hairdressing?
Vidal Sassoon
Who revolutionised furniture through the company, Habitat?
Terence Conran
Did everyone get involved in this new ‘soho lifestyle’?
No - lots tried out the mini skirt and listened to The Beatles but were far removed from Soho
What youth cultures emerged in the 1960s?
Skinheads and hippies
Activism grew amongst the youth in the 1960s. Which war is an example of this?
Anti-Vietnam War demonstrations
When was the Vietnam Solidarity Campaign set up?
1966
Explain what happened at Gosvenor Square in March 1968
- 17th March 1968
- Violent protest took place
- 200 people arrested
In October 1968, how many people took part in the Anti-Vietnam demonstrations?
30,000
What happened to a speaker on the Vietnam War from the American Embassy?
He was covered in red paint
How many Conservative MPs were attached in Essex over Vietnam?
Two
What happened to Denis Healey over Vietnam?
He almost had his car turned over by Cambridge students
What does Morgan argue about the permissive era?
That it had no political implications at all
