18. Other Types of Learning and Motivations

Question 1

1. _____ and 2. _____ (behaviorists) believed that all behaviors were learned through 3. ______ and 4. _______ but some psychologists realized the people learn 5. _______ consequence.

Answer 1

1. Watson
2. Skinner
3. rewards
4. punishments
5. without

Question 2

learning by observing others (aka social learning)

Answer 2

observational learning

Question 3

how does one learn through observational learning? (the main ones)

Answer 3

w/ mirror neurons and modeling

Question 4

the process of observing and intimidating a certain behavior

Answer 4

modeling

Question 5

frontal lobe (speculated place) neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing others doing so

Answer 5

mirror neurons

Question 6

what can mirror neurons enable? (2)

Answer 6

imitation and empathy

Question 7

one of the most effective ways to teach (especially children) is to 1. _____ 2. _____ behaviors rather than 3. ________ behaviors

Answer 7

1. model
2. beneficial
3. adverse

Question 8

positive, constructive, helpful behavior

Answer 8

prosocial behavior

Question 9

why children w/ physically and or verbally aggressive parents are more likely to become aggressive or violent

Answer 9

antisocial behavior

Question 10

prosocial and antisocial are . . .

Answer 10

contingencies

Question 11

will likely happen or could happen, but may not happen

Answer 11

contingencies

Question 12

sudden realization of a problem situation

Answer 12

insight learning

Question 13

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Answer 13

latent learning

Question 14

teaching or learning certain behaviors can be greatly impacted by ________.

Answer 14

motivation

Question 15

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

Answer 15

intrinsic motivation

Question 16

behavior to gain external awards or avoid punishment

Answer 16

extrinsic motivation

Question 17

regardless of motivation, animals and humans 1. _______ learn things as they are 2. ________ ________ to do so

Answer 17

1. naturally

2. predisposed biologically

Question 18

accidental rewarding and/or partial reinforcement in sports or other events in which a NS is incorrectly associated w/ a reward

Answer 18

superstitious behaviors

Question 19

Resistance to eating things that made you sick or ill – rather than sight or sound

Answer 19

taste aversion

Question 20

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated averse events

Answer 20

learned helplessness