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Bacte Lec (Overview) [Prelims 1] > 1. Overview > Flashcards

1. Overview Flashcards

1
Q

What is the significance of Bacteriology?

A

Isolate, Identify, Analyze

  1. Culture of organism
  2. Classification and Identification of organisms
  3. Prediction and Interpretation of antimicrobial susceptibility pattern
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2
Q

What is a Bacteria?

A
  • Prokaryotes
  • Unicellular
  • Lacks nucleus, and organelles
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3
Q

What do you call the cell wall of the bacteria?

A

Peptidoglycan

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4
Q

What do you call the cell wall of the Fungi?

A

Chitin

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5
Q

What is a parasite

A
  • Eukaryote
  • uni or multicellular
  • causes Acute Gastroenteritis or Diarrhea
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6
Q

What is the locomotive for parasite?

A

Flagella, Pseudopods, Cilia

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7
Q

What is a Fungi?

A
  • Heterotrophic eukaryotes
  • Dimorphic
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8
Q

What are the 2 forms of fungi?

A

Yeast and Mold

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9
Q

What is yeast?

A
  • Unicellular
  • Asexual
  • Human body temp
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10
Q

What is Mold?

A
  • Multicellular (Filamentous)
  • Sexual or asexual
  • Room temp
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11
Q

What is Mycelia?

A
  • A group hyphae that forms a weave of mats which it forms a multicellular organisms
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12
Q

The dimorphic of fungi is based on what condition?

A

Temperature

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13
Q

What is a Viruses?

A
  • Acellular
  • Contains DNA or RNA core that surrounded by protein coat
  • Obligate intracellular parasite
  • Host cell specific
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14
Q

What is bacteriophage

A
  • A type of virus that targets a bacteria
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15
Q

What are the 3 interrelated categories of taxonomy

A
  1. Classification
  2. Nomenclature
  3. Identification
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16
Q

What is classification?

A
  • An orderly classification of hierarchy in naming an organisms which is based on phenotype and genotype
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17
Q

What is the order of classification?

A
  1. Domain
  2. Kingdom
  3. Phylum
  4. Class
  5. Order
  6. Family
  7. Genus
  8. Species
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18
Q

What is Genotype?

A
  • genetic makeup of an organisms
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19
Q

What is phenotype?

A
  • Observable physical na functional features of an microorganism
  1. Staining characteristics
  2. Nutritional requirement
  3. Physiologic and biochemical characteristics
  4. Susceptibility or resistance to antibiotics or chemicals
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20
Q

Nomenclature for Genus

A

Capital letter of the first word

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21
Q

Nomenclature for Family

A

Capital letter of the first word with -aceae

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22
Q

Nomenclature for species

A

Small letters

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23
Q

What is identification?

A
  • microorganisms key features based on genotyping and phenotyping which then assigned in genus and species names
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24
Q

What is Prokaryotes?

A
  • Unicellular
  • NO nucleus and nuclear membrane
  • Contains Nucleoid region
  • No Cilia
  • has Pili and Fimbriae
  • Peptidoglycan (Cell wall)
  • Cytoplasmic sturcture (70S)
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25
Q

What part of the bacteria is the basis for staining?

A

Cell Wall (Peptidoglycan)

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26
Q

What is Eukaryotes?

A
  • Uni or multicellular
  • has Nucleus and nuclear membrane
  • may contain Cilia
  • has a cytoplasmic structure (80S)
  • Cell wall (Polysaccharides)
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27
Q

What are the cytoplasmic structure of bacteria?

A
  • Nucleoid
  • Plasmid
  • Ribosomes
  • Inclusions
  • Endospores
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28
Q

What is Plasmid?

A

Codes for antibiotic resistance, and virulence factors

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29
Q

Site for proteins synthesis?

A

Ribosomes

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30
Q

What is the difference between Gram Positive and Gram Negative?

A

(+) - Thick peptidoglycan
(-) - Thin peptidoglycan with outer membrane

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31
Q

What does inclusions contain?

A
  1. Glycogen
  2. Poly-B-hydroxybutyrate
  3. Polyphosphate
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32
Q

What are the types of inclusions?

A
  • Metachromatic granules
  • Polysaccharide granules
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33
Q

What is metachromatic granules?

A
  • Can be seen in Corynebacterium diphtheriae
  • Reserves of polyphosphate that is used in synthesis for ATP
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34
Q

What is polysaccharide granules?

A
  • Consist of glycogen and starch granules
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35
Q

What is Endospores?

A
  • Can be seen in Bacillus and Clostridium
  • Highly resistant on varius factor
  • only be killed in autoclave
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36
Q

What is the component for endospores

A

Calcium dipicolinate

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37
Q

What is plasma membrane?

A
  • Phospholipid bilayer
  • Permeability barrier
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38
Q

What is Peptidoglycan?

A

Composed of cell wall macromolecules known as Murein Layer

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39
Q

What are the repeating disaccharides that is attached by polypeptides in cell wall?

A

N-acetylglucosamine
N-acetylmuramic acid

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40
Q

Acid fast cell wall can only be seen in what bacteria?

A
  • Mycobacteria
  • Nocardia (Partially)
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41
Q

What is the major component for acid fast cell wall?

A

Mycolic acid

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42
Q

What happens if you gram stain the acid fast cell wall?

A

it will have a lightly gram positive because it repels the primary stain.

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43
Q

What is the primary stain for Acid fast stain?

A

Carbol fuchsin

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44
Q

What is the decolorizer for Carbol fuchsin?

A

acid-alcohol

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45
Q

What are the 3 domains in Classification?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

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46
Q

What is the major reason why Archaeobacteria is not part of the domain bacteria?

A
  • they don’t have peptidoglycan
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47
Q

What is Halophile?

A
  • Salt loving bacteria
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48
Q

What is thermophile

A
  • Heat loving bacteria
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49
Q

What are the 3 methods of Acid Fast-staining?

A
  1. Ziehl-Neelsen stain
  2. Kinyoun stain
  3. Auramine-rhodamine stain
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50
Q

What happens if you stain bacteria without cell walls?

A
  • it cannot be identified
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51
Q

What are the bacterias without cell wall?

A
  • Mycoplasma
  • Ureaplasma (contain sterols)
  • L-forms Bacteria
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52
Q

What is periplasmic space?

A
  • Located between cell membrane and cell wall of gram negative bacteria
  • Contains enzyme for degrading and detoxifying macromolecules
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53
Q

What is outer membrane

A

Mainly composed of lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins and phospholipids

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54
Q

What are the components of LPS

A
  1. Lipid A
  2. O-antigen
  3. Core polysaccharide
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55
Q

What is Glycocalyx?

A
  • General substances that surrounds the cells
  • it acts as anti phagocytic
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56
Q

2 types of glycocalyx?

A
  • Capsule
  • Slime layer
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57
Q

What is Capsule?

A

Organized and firmly attached to cell wall

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58
Q

What is Slime layer

A

Unorganized and loosely attached to the cell wall

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59
Q

What is Flagella?

A

exterior protein filaments that is used for motility

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60
Q

what are the 4 arrangements of flagella on the bacteria?

A
  • Monotrichous
  • Lophotrichous
  • Amphitrichous
  • Peritrichous
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61
Q

What is axial Filaments?

A

Bundles of fibrils anchored at one end of spirochete and spiral around the
cell.

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62
Q

What is the pair for cocci called?

A

Diplococci

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63
Q

What is the chain for cocci called?

A

Streptococci

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64
Q

What is the cluster for cocci called?

A

Staphylococci

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65
Q

What is a 4 cell arrangement for cocci called?

A

Tetrad

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66
Q

What is the cuboidal arrangement for cocci called?

A

Sarcinae

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67
Q

What is the pair for bacilli called?

A

Diplobacilli

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68
Q

What is the chains for bacilli called?

A

Streptobacilli

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69
Q

What is a side by side arrangement for bacilli called?

A

Palisade

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70
Q

What is a pointed end for bacilli called?

A

Fusiform

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71
Q

What do you call a pure culture that has different shapes and sizes?

A

Pleomorphic

72
Q

What do you call a slightly longer than they are wide bacilli.

A

Coccobacilli

73
Q

What do you call a comma shaped spirochetes

74
Q

What do you call a Loosely coiled spirochetes

75
Q

What do you call a Tightly coiled spirochetes

76
Q

A stain that is use to differentiate bacteria into gram negative and gram positive bacteria

A

Gram stain

77
Q

Other name for gram staining

A

Differentiating stain technique

78
Q

What is the purpose of heating in gram staining

A

To fix the smear to prevent washing out specifically in decolorization

79
Q

What are the step in gram staining

A
  1. Crystal Violet (1 min)
  2. Gram’s iodine (1min)
  3. Alcohol or ethyl alcohol (30 sec - 1min)
  4. Safranin (30 sec - 1min)
80
Q

What is the result of Gram positive bacteria in gram staining

A

Purple/violet

81
Q

What is the result of gram negative bacteria in gram staining

82
Q

In gram staining, what is the primary stain?

A

Crystal violet

83
Q

In gram staining, what is the mordant?

84
Q

In gram staining, what is the decolorizer?

A

95% ethyl alcohol
Acetone

85
Q

In gram staining, what is the secondary stain?

86
Q

All cocci are gram positive except?

A
  • Neisseria
  • Veillonella
  • Moraxella
87
Q

All bacilli are gram Negative except

A

Bacillus
Mycobacterium
Actinomyces
Corynebacterium
Clostridium
Nocardia
Erysipelothrix
Lactobacillus
Listeria

88
Q

All spiral are gram?

89
Q

Yeast are gram?

90
Q

What is Acid-Fast stain?

A

Stains bacteria with high content of lipids and wax (Mycolic acid)

91
Q

What targets Acid fast stain?

A

Mycolic acid

92
Q

What is the sample for acid-fast stain?

93
Q

What is the counterstain for acid fast stain?

A

Methylene blue

94
Q

What is the result for acid fast stain?

A

Acid fast: Red
Non acid fast: Blue

95
Q

What is acridine orange and its purpose?

A
  • a fluorescent stain that is use to detect nucleic acid in cell wall on both gram neg and pos.
  • The purpose of this is usually use on bacteria that is hard to discern.
96
Q

What is Calcofluor white?

A
  • stain that binds to chitin of fungi.

Apple-green and Blue white fluorescence = (+)

97
Q

What is Methylene blue?

A
  • use to detect metachromatic granules of Corynebacterium diphtheriae
  • Also use for counter stain in acid fast
98
Q

What is Lactophenol cotton blue?

A
  • use to detect chitin in slide cultures
99
Q

What is India ink?

A
  • india ink and nigrosin are negative stain that is use to detect Cryptococcus spp. or microorganisms with capsule.
100
Q

What is Endospore stain?

A
  • Also known as Schaefer-Fulton spore stain that is commonly use to stain bacterial spores.
101
Q

What is the Primary stain for Schaefer-Fulton spore stain?

A

Malachite green

102
Q

What is the Counter stain for Schaefer-Fulton spore stain?

103
Q

What are the nutritional requirement for GROWTH?

A

Carbon source: 50%
Nitrogen: 14%
ATP

Minerals:
- Phosphate (Nucleic acids)
- Phospholipids (Cell membrane)

Water : for faster replication

104
Q

2 Classifications of nutritional requirement?

A

Autotrophs and heterotrophs

105
Q

What is autotrophs?

A
  • required inorganic carbon such as Carbon dioxide
106
Q

What is Heterotrophs?

A
  • Utilizes Organic carbon such as glucose and carbohydrates in the human body
107
Q

What are the requirements for human pathogens in order for them to do damage?

A

Carbohydrates and glucose

108
Q

A growth medium that is simple and completely define?

This type of medium is not usually use in diagnostic lab

A

Minimal medium

109
Q

A complex medium that uses extracts of meats or soybeans?

A

Nutrient media

110
Q

A media that contains Growth factors such as blood and vitamins?

A

Enriched media

111
Q

A media that contains additives that inhibits the growth of some bacteria and only other bacteria grows?

A

Selective media

112
Q

A media that visualize the Metabolic difference of bacteria

A

Differential media

113
Q

What are the 3 main environmental factors influencing growth of bacteria?

A

pH, Temp, and Gaseous composition

114
Q

What is the pH for neutrophilic

A

7.0 - 7.5 (Pathogenic bacteria)

115
Q

What is the pH for acidophilic

A

<7 (Lactobacillus)

116
Q

What is the pH for basophilic

A

> 7.5 (Vibrio cholera)

117
Q

What is the temp for psychrophiles

A

0 - 20 Degrees Celsius

Listeria monocytogenes
Yersinia enterocolitica

118
Q

What is the temp Mesophiles?

A

20 - 40 degrees celsius

Pathogenic bacteria

119
Q

What is the temp Thermophiles

A

40 - 60 degrees Celsius

Thermus aquaticus

120
Q

A bacteria that requires oxygen for growth
Give example of this bacteria

A

Obligate aerobes

Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Micrococcus
Corynebacterium jeikeium

121
Q

A bacteria that cannot grow in the presence of oxygen
Give example of this bacteria

A

Obligate anaerobes

Bacteroides
Actinomyces
Staphylococcus saprophyticus

122
Q

A bacteria that can live in the presence of oxygen but does not utilize it
Give example of this bacteria

A

Aerotolerant anaerobes

Lactobacillus

123
Q

A bacteria that can live with or without oxygen
Give example of this bacteria

A

Facultative anaerobes

Salmonella typhi
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

124
Q

A bacteria that can live 5 - 10% of carbon dioxide
Give example of this bacteria

A

Capnophilic

Neisseria
Haemophilus
Streptococcus pneumoniae

125
Q

A bacteria that can live in a reduced amount of oxygen
Give example of this bacteria

A

Microaerophilic

Campylobacter spp.
Helicobacter spp.

126
Q

How bacteria replicate?

A

Binary fission

127
Q

Time required for one cell to divide, also known as doubling time

A

Generation time

128
Q

In growth curve, a phase where bacteria are preparing to divide, increase in size only

A

Lag phase/ Adjustment phase

129
Q

In growth curve, a phase where bacterial number are increase

A

Log phase/ Exponential phase

130
Q

In growth curve a phase where nutrients are limited and no growth occur

A

Stationary phase/plateau phase

131
Q

In growth curve, increase death rate

A

Death phase

132
Q

Method where it use count bacteria directly in the microscope, however, it does not distinguish life and death

A

Direct counting under the microscope

133
Q

This method is use to determine the number of colony in the sample

It can be use in determining the bacterial cell count in urine cultures

A

Direct plate count

134
Q

Measures the cloudiness or turbidity of the sample usually in the test tube

A

Density measurement

135
Q

In metabolism, Conversion of either organic and inorganic substance to carbon
source

A

Utilization of a variety of substrates as carbon sources

136
Q

In metabolism, this is an example for “Glucose breakdown would yield acetone”

A

Production of specific end products from various substrates

137
Q

In metabolism, this is an example where amino acid utilization result to alkaline

A

Production of an acid or alkaline in the test medium

138
Q

Determine the ability of an organism to use sodium citrate, malonate or
acetate as the sole source of carbon

A

Citrate, Malonate, or acetate utilization

139
Q

What is the indicator for Citrate, Malonate, or acetate utilization

A

Bromothymol blue

140
Q

Determines the end products of glucose fermentation

A

MR-VP (Methyl Red - Voges-Proskauer)

141
Q

What is the first pathway fo MR-VP?

What is end product of your answer?

A

Produces mixed acid

Lactic
Acetic
Succinic
Formic acid

142
Q

What is the second pathway for MR-VP?

A

Produces acetoin = Alkaline

143
Q

What are the 2 mechanisms for carbohydrate utilization

A

Fermentation and Respiration

144
Q

An Anaerobic process of energy production but less efficient

A

Fermentation

145
Q

What are the end product for fermentation

A

LEAB
Acid pH

Lactic
Ethanol
Acetoin
Butyrate

146
Q

What is the final electron acceptor for fermentation?

A

Organic compound

147
Q

An Aerobic process of energy production that is more efficient

A

Respiration

148
Q

What is the final electron acceptor for respiration?

149
Q

What molecule maintains Kreb cycle?

A

NAD (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide)

150
Q

What bacteria detects by MR-VP

A

Enterobacteriaceae

151
Q

In EMP (Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas), what are the bacteria utilizes this pathway?

A

Enterobacteriaceae
Mycobacteriaceae

152
Q

In Pentose phosphate pathway, what are the bacteria utilizes this pathway?

A

Lactobacilli(us)
Brucella Abortus

153
Q

In Entner-Doudoroff pathway,
what are the bacteria utilizes this pathway?

A

Pseudomonas (obligate aerobes)
Micrococcus
Mycobacterium
Alcaligenes
Enterococcus faecalis

154
Q

What are the 3 Biochemical Pathway utilized by the bacteria

A

® Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas
® Pentose phosphate pathway
® Entner-Doudoroff pathway

155
Q

What is the starting carbohydrate for bacterial fermentation or oxidation?

156
Q

What is the end product of alcohol fermetation?

157
Q

In alcohol fermentation, carbohydrates are broken down by what organisms

158
Q

A type of fermentation where pyruvic acid is broken down to lactic acid

A

Homolactic fermentation

159
Q

What organisms uses Homolactic fermentation?

A

Streptococcus and lactobacillus

160
Q

Also known as Mixed acid pathway?

A

Heterolactic fermentation

161
Q

What bacteria uses heterolactic fermentation?

A

Lactobacillus

162
Q

A type of fermentation that break down pyruvic into propionic acid?

A

Propionic Acid Fermentation

163
Q

What bacteria uses propionic Acid fermentation?

A

Propionibacterium acnes

164
Q

In Mixed acid fermentation, what bacteria is positive in MR?

A

Escherichia
Salmonella
Shigella

165
Q

In Butanediol fermentation, what is the end product? (VP)

A

acetoin
2,3-butanediol

More on alkaline environment

166
Q

What bacteria utilizes Butanediol fermentation

A

Klebsiella
Enterobacter
Serratia

167
Q

What bacteria utilizes Butyric acid fermentation?

A

Clostridium
Fusobacterium
Eubacterium

(Obligate anaerobes)

168
Q

What is the end product of aerobic pathway or the krebs cycle?

A

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

169
Q

It is a series of chemical reaction that is used by aerobic organisms to convert carbohydrate to carbon dioxide and produce ATP

A

Krebs cycle (Tricarboxylic acid cycle)

170
Q

What bacteria use for lactose fermentation?

A

Enterobacteriaceae

171
Q

What agar is used to ferment lactose?

A

MacConkey agar

172
Q

A Mechanism gene transfer that incorporates DNA from extracellular environment to recipient bacteria.

A

Transformation

173
Q

What do you call a cells that can take up naked DNA?

174
Q

A Mechanism gene transfer that uses bacteriophage as a medium for transfer of genes to the bacteria.

A

Transduction

175
Q

A Mechanism gene transfer where DNA is transfer through cell to cell contact (Pili)

A

Conjugation

176
Q

Enzymes that cut DNA on a specific area of plasmids

A

Restriction enzymes.

Bacte Lec (Overview) [Prelims 1] (34 decks)

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