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USMLE Step I Microbiology > Zoonotic Infections > Flashcards

Zoonotic Infections Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

zoonosis

A
  • infectious disease transmitted between animals and humans
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2
Q

Anaplasma spp.–disease

A
  • anaplasmosis
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3
Q

Anaplasma spp.–transmission and source

A
  • Ixodes ticks
    • live on deer and mice
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4
Q

Bartonella spp.–disease

A
  • cat scratch disease
  • bacillary angiomatosis
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5
Q

Bartonella spp.–transmission and source

A
  • cat scratch
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6
Q

Borrelia burgdorferi–disease

A
  • Lyme disease
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7
Q

Borrelia burgdorferi–transmission and source

A
  • Ixodes tixks
    • live on deer and mice
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8
Q

Borrelia recurrent**is–disease

A
  • relapsing fever
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9
Q

Borrelia recurrentis–transmission and source

A
  • louse
    • recurrent due to variable surface antigens
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10
Q

Brucella spp.–disease

A
  • Brucellosis/undulant fever
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11
Q

Brucella spp.–transmission and source

A
  • unpasteurized dairy
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12
Q

Campylobacter–disease

A
  • bloody diarrhea
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13
Q

Campylobacter–transmission and source

A
  • feces from infected pets/animals
  • contaminated meats/foods/hands
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14
Q

Chlamydophila psittaci–disease

A
  • Psittacosis
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15
Q

Chlamydophila psittaci–transmission and source

A
  • parrots
  • other birds
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16
Q

Coxiella burnetii–disease

A
  • Q fever
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17
Q

Coxiella burnetii–transmission and source

A
  • aerosols of cattle/sheep amniotic fluid
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18
Q

Ehrlichia chaffeensis–disease

A
  • Ehrlichiosis
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19
Q

Ehrlichia chaffeensis–transmission and source

A
  • Amblyomma (Lone Star tick)
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20
Q

Francisella tularensis–disease

A
  • Tularemia
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21
Q

Francisella tularensis–transmission and source

A
  • ticks
  • rabbits
  • deer flies
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22
Q

Leptospira spp.–disease

A
  • Leptospirosis
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23
Q

Leptospira spp.–transmission and source

A
  • animal urine in water
  • recreational water use
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24
Q

Mycobacterium leprae–disease

A
  • Leprosy
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25
Q

Mycobacterium leprae–transmission and source

A
  • humans with lepromatous leprosy
  • armadillo (rare)
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26
Q

Pasteurella multocida–disease

A
  • cellulitis
  • osteomyelitis
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27
Q

Pasteurella multocida–transmission and source

A
  • animal bite
  • cats
  • dogs
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28
Q

Rickettsia prowazekii–disease

A
  • epidemic typhus
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29
Q

Rickettsia prowazekii–transmission and source

A
  • human to human via human body louse
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30
Q

Rickettsia rickettsii–disease

A
  • Rocky Mountain spotted fever
31
Q

Rickettsia rickettsii–transmission and source

A
  • Dermacentor (dog tick)
32
Q

Rickettsia typhi–disease

A
  • Endemic typhus
33
Q

Rickettsia typhi–transmission and source

A
  • fleas
34
Q

Salmonella spp. (except S. typhi)–disease

A
  • diarrhea (which may be bloody)
  • vomiting
  • fever
  • abdominal cramps
35
Q

Salmonella spp. (except S. typhi)–transmission and source

A
  • reptiles
  • poultry
36
Q

Yersinia pestis–disease

A
  • plague
37
Q

Yersinia pestis–transmission and source

A
  • fleas
    • rats and prairie dogs are reservoirs
38
Q

properties of Gardnerella vaginalis

A
  • a pleomorphic, gram variable rod
  • involved in bacterial vaginosis
  • associated with sexual activity, but NOT sexually transmitted
  • Clue cells (vaginal epithelial cells covered with Gardnerella) have stippled appearance along with other margin (see pic)
39
Q

Gardnerella vaginalis–presentation

A
  • presents as a gray vaginal discharge with a fishy smell
  • non painful (vs. vaginitis)
  • Clue cells have stippled apparance along outer margin
    • “I don’t have a clue why I smell fish in the vagina garden”
40
Q

Gardnerella vaginalis–treatment

A
  • metronidazole
  • clindamycin
41
Q

Amine Whiff Test

A
  • used for Gardnerella vaginalis
  • mixing discharge with 10% KOH enhances fishy odor
42
Q

Rickettsial diseases and vector borne illnesses–treatment

A
  • treatment for all–doxycyline
43
Q

Rickettsial diseases and vector borne illnesses–which rashes are common?

A
  • Rocky Mountain spotted fever
  • Typhus
44
Q

Rickettsial diseases and vector borne illnesses–which rashes are rare?

A
  • Ehrlichiosis
  • Anaplasmosis
  • Q fever
45
Q

Rocky Mountain spotted fever

A
  • Rickettsia rickettsii
  • vector is tick
  • occurs primarily in South Atlantic states, especiallly North Carolina
  • rash typically starts at wrists and ankles and then spreads to the trunk, palms, and soles
46
Q

classic triad of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

A
  • headache
  • fever
  • rash (vasculitis)
47
Q

in which diseases/infections do you see a palms/soles rash?

A
  • seen in:
    • Coxsackievirus
    • A infection (hand, foot, mouth disease)
    • Rocky Mountain Spotted fever
    • 2ndary Syphilis
      • “you drive CARS using your palms and soles”
48
Q

Typhus

A
  • endemic (fleas)–R. typhi
  • epidemic (human body louse)–R. prowzekii
  • rash starts centrally and spreads out
49
Q

how to distinguish Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and Typhus?

A
  • “R**ickettsia on the wR**ists. Typhus on the Trunk”
50
Q

Ehrlichiosis

A
  • Ehrlichia
  • vector is a tick
  • Monocytes with morulae (mulberry like inclusions) in cytoplasm
51
Q

Anaplasmosis

A
  • Anaplasma
  • vector is tick
  • Granulocytes with morulae in cytoplasm
52
Q

how to distinguish Ehrlichiosis from Anaplasmosis?

A
  • MEGA berry
    • Monocytes = Ehrlichiosis
    • Granulocytes = Anaplasmosis
53
Q

Q fever

A
  • Coxiella burnetii
  • no arthropod vector
  • spores inhaled as aerosols from cattle/sheep amniotic fluid
  • presents as pneumonia
  • most common cause of culture - endocarditis
54
Q

Q fever mnemonic

A
  • “Q fever is Queer because it has no rash or vector and its causative organism can survive outside in its endospore form.” Not in the Rickettsia genus, but closely related”
55
Q

properties of Chlamydiae

A
  • cannot make own ATP
  • obligate intracellular organisms
    • “Chlamys” = cloak (intracellular)
  • chlamydial cell wall lacks classic peptidoglycan (due to reduced muramic acid) which renders beta lactam antibiotics less effective
56
Q

what do Chlamydiae cause?

A
  • mucosal infections
57
Q

name the 2 forms of chlamydiae

A
  • elementary body
  • reticulate body
58
Q

elementary body chlamydiae

A
  • Elementary body (small, dense) is “Enfectious” and Enters cell via Endocytosis
  • transforms into reticulate body
59
Q

reticulate body chlamydiae

A
  • Reticulate body Replicates in cell by fission
  • Reorganizes into elementary bodies
60
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis

A
  • causes:
    • reactive arthritis (Reiter syndrome)
    • follicular conjunctivitis (see pic)
    • nongonococcal urethritis
    • PID
61
Q

what 2 types of Chlamydia cause atypical pneumonia? How is it transmitted?

A
  • Chlamydophila pneumoniae
  • Chlamydophila psittaci
    • ​transmitted by aerosol
62
Q

Chlamydiae–treatment

A
  • azithromycin (favored b/c one time treatment)
  • doxycycline
63
Q

C. psittaci

A
  • has an avian reservoir (parrots)
  • causes atypical pneumonia
64
Q

Chlamydiae–lab diagnosis

A
  • cytoplasmic inclusions seen on Giemsa or fluorescent antibody stained smear
65
Q

3 categories of Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes

A
  • Types A, B, and C
  • Types D-K
  • Types L1, L2, L3
66
Q

Types A, B, C Chlamydia trachomatis

A
  • chronic infection
  • cause blindness due to follicular conjunctivitis in Africa
  • “ABC = Africa, Blindness, Chronic infection”
67
Q

Types D-K Chlamydia trachomatis

A
  • urethritis/PID
  • ectopic pregnancy
  • neonatal pneumonia (staccato cough) with eosinophilia
  • neonatal conjunctivitis
    • neonatal disease can be acquired during passage thru infected birth canal
  • “D-K = everything else”
68
Q

Types L1, L2, L3 Chlamydia trachomatis

A
  • Lymphogranuloma venereum
    • small, painless ulcers on genitals –> swollen, painful inguinal lymph nodes that ulcerate (buboes)
    • treat with doxycycline
69
Q

what is the classic cause of atypical “walking” pneumonia, and what are the symptoms?

A
  • Mycoplasma pneumoniae
    • insidious onset
    • headache
    • nonproductive cough
    • patchy or diffuse insterstitial infiltrate
70
Q

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

A
  • xray looks worse than the patient
  • high titer of cold agglutinins (IgM) which can agglutinate or lyse RBCs
    • grown on Eaton agar
    • “Mycoplasma gets cold without a coat (cell wall”
  • no cell wall
  • not seen on gram stain
  • pleomorphic (see pic)
71
Q

Mycoplasma pneumoniae–treatment

A
  • macrolides
  • doxycyline
  • fluoroquinolone
72
Q

Mycoplasma pneumoniae–why is penicillin ineffective

A
  • b/c no cell wall
73
Q

Mycoplasma pneumoniae–what is in the bacterial membrane and why?

A
  • sterols for stability
74
Q

in which population is Mycoplasmal pneumonia most common?

A
  • patients < 30 years old
  • frequent outbreaks in military recruits and prisons

USMLE Step I Microbiology (44 decks)

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