Classes of Bacteria

Question 1

aerobes

Answer 1

• use an O2 dependent system to generate ATP

Question 2

examples of aerobes

Answer 2

• Nocardia
• Pseudomonas aeroginosa
• MycoBacterium tuberculosis
  
  • ​“Nagging Pests Must Breathe”

Question 3

reactivation of M. tuberculosis

Answer 3

• reactivation after immunocompromise or TNF alpha inhibitor use has a predilection for the apices of the lung

Question 4

examples of anaerobes

Answer 4

• Clostridium
• Bacteroides
• Fusobacterium
• Actinomyces
  
  • ​”Anaerobes Can’t Breathe Fresh Air”

Question 5

why are anaerobes susceptible to oxidative damage?

Answer 5

• lack catalase and/or superoxide dismutase

Question 6

properties of anaerobes

Answer 6

• generally foul smelling–short chain fatty acids
• difficult to culture
• produce gas in tissue (CO2 and H2)

Question 7

where are anaerobes normal in the body?

where are anaerobes abnormal in the body?

Answer 7

• normal in the GI tract
• pathogenic everywhere else

Question 8

anaerobes and aminoglycosides

Answer 8

• AminO₂glycosides are ineffective against anaerobes b/c these antibiotic require O₂ to enter into bacterial cell

Question 9

name the 2 types of intracellular bug classes

Answer 9

• obligate intracellular
• facultative intracellular

Question 10

which bugs are obligate intracellular bugs?

Answer 10

• Rickettsia
• CHlamydia
• COxiella
  
  • ​”Stay inside (cells) when it is Really CHilly and COld.”

Question 11

obligate intracellular bugs property

Answer 11

• rely on host ATP

Question 12

which bugs are facultative intracellular bugs?

Answer 12

• Salmonella
• Neisseria
• Brucella
• Mycobacterium
• Listeria**​
• Francisella
• Legionella
• Yersinia pestis
  
  • ​”Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLY”

Question 13

which bugs are encapsulated bacteria?

Answer 13

• Pseudomonas aeruginosa
• Streptococcus pneumoniae
• Haemophilus Influenzae type B
• Neisseria meningitidis
• Escherichia coli
• Salmonella
• Klebsiella pneumoniae
• group B Strep
  
  • “Please SHINE my SKiS”

Question 14

encapsulated bacteria properties

Answer 14

• capsules serve as an antiphagocytic virulence factor
• capsular polysaccharide + protein conjugate serves as an antigen in vaccines
• are opsonized, and then cleared by spleen

Question 15

encapsulated bacteria and asplenic patients

Answer 15

• asplenics have dec opsonizing ability and thus increase risk for severe infections
  
  • so give S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and N. meningitidis vaccines

Question 16

explain encapsulated bacteria vaccines

Answer 16

• some vaccines containing polysaccharide capsule antigens are conjugated to a carrier protein, enhancing immunogenicity by promoting T cell activation and subsequent class switching
  
  • a polysaccharide alone cannot be presented to T cells

Question 17

what are the types of encapsulated bacteria vaccines?

Answer 17

• pneumoccocal vaccine
  
  • PCV–pneumococcal conjugate vaccine
    
    • ie. Prevnar
  • PPSV–pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine with no conjugated protein
    
    • ie. Pneumovax
• H. influenzae type B–conjugate vaccine
• Meningococcal vaccine–conjugate vaccine

Question 18

which bugs are urease positive organisms?

Answer 18

• Proteus
• Cryptococcus
• H. pylori
• Ureaplasma
• Nocardia
• Klebsiella
• S. epidermidis
• S. saprophyticus
  
  • ​”Pee CHUNKSS”

Question 19

urease actions

Answer 19

• urease hydrolyzes urea to release ammonia and CO2 –> increase pH

Question 20

how does catalase work?

Answer 20

• Catalase degrades H2O2 into H2O and bubbles of O2 before it can be converted to microbicidal products by the enzyme myeloperoxidase

Question 21

patients with chronic granulomatous disease

Answer 21

• people with chronic granulomatous dz (NADPH oxidase deficiency) have recurrent infections with certain catalase + organisms

Question 22

which bugs are catalase positive organisms?

Answer 22

• Nocardia
• Pseudomonas
• Listeria
• Aspergillus
• Candida
• E. coli
• Staphylococci
• Serratia
• B. cepacia
• H. pylori
  
  • ​”Cats Need PLACESS to Belch their Hairballs”

Question 23

name the pigment producing bacteria

Answer 23

• Actinomyces israelii
• S. aureus
• P. aeruginosa
• Serratia marcescens

Question 24

Actinomyces israelii–pigment

Answer 24

• yellow“sulfur” granules which are composed of filaments of bacteria
  
  • “Israel has yellow sand”

Question 25

S. aureus–pigment

Answer 25

• yellow pigment
  
  • “Aureus = gold”

Question 26

P. aeruginosa–pigment

Answer 26

• blue-green pigment
  
  • “Aerugula is green”

Question 27

Serratia marcescens–pigment

Answer 27

• red pigment
  
  • think “red maraschino cherries”

Question 28

name the in vivo biofilm producing bacteria

Answer 28

• S. epidermidis
• Viridans streptococci
  
  • S. mutans
  • S. sanguinis
• P. aeruginosa
• Nontypeable (unencapsulated) H. influenza

Question 29

what infections occur as a result of S. epidermidis?

Answer 29

• catheter and prosthetic device infections

Question 30

what infections occur as a result of Viridans streptococci (S. mutans, S. sanguinis)?

Answer 30

• dental plaques
• infective endocarditis

Question 31

what infections occur as a result of P. aeruginosa?

Answer 31

• respiratory tree colonization in cystic fibrosis patients
• contact lens-associated keratitis

Question 32

what infections occur as a result of nontypeable (unencapsulated) H. influenza?

Answer 32

• otitis media