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USMLE Step I Microbiology > Nematodes > Flashcards

Nematodes Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 3 nematode routes of infection?

A
  • ingested
  • cutaneous
  • bites
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2
Q

species of nematodes that infect thru ingestion

A
  • Enterobius
  • Ascaris
  • Toxocara
  • Trichinella
    • ​“You’ll get sick if you EATT these!”
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3
Q

species of nematodes that infect cutaneously

A
  • Stronglyloides
  • Ancylostoma
  • Necator
    • ​”These get into your feet from the SANd”
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4
Q

species of nematodes that infect thru bites

A
  • Loa loa
  • Onchocerca volvulus
  • Wuchereria bancrofti
    • ​“Lay LOW to avoid getting bitten”
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5
Q

explain the 2 types of immune responses to helminths

A
  • eosinophils act by type I and type II hypersensitivity reactions in responding to helminths
    • Type I
      • neutralization of histamine and leukotrienes
    • Type II
      • eosinophils attach to surface of helminths via IgE and release cytokines (ie. major basic protein) contained in their granules
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6
Q

name the 6 intestinal nematodes (roundworms)

A
  • Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)
  • Ascaris lumbricoides (giant roundworm)
  • Strongyloides stercoralis (threadworm)
  • Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus (hookworms)
  • Trichinella spiralis
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7
Q

Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)–disease

A
  • intestinal infection causing anal pruritus
    • diagnosed by seeing egg via the tape taste
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8
Q

Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)–transmission

A
  • fecal-oral
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9
Q

Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)–treatment

A
  • bendazoles (b/c worms are bendy)
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10
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides (giant roundworm)–disease

A
  • intestinal infection with possible obstruction at ileocecal valve
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11
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides (giant roundworm)–transmission

A
  • fecal-oral
    • eggs visible in feces under microscope
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12
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides (giant roundworm)–treatment

A
  • bendazoles
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13
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis (threadworm)–disease

A
  • intestinal infection causing vomiting, diarrhea, epigastric pain (may mimic peptic ulcer)
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14
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis (threadworm)–transmission

A
  • larvae in soil penetrate the skin
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15
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis (threadworm)–treatment

A
  • ivermectin
  • bendazoles
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16
Q

Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus (hookworms)–disease

A
  • intestinal infection causing anemia by sucking blood from intestinal wall
  • Cutaneous larva migrans
    • pruritic serpiginous rash from walking varefoot on contaminated beach
17
Q

Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus (hookworms)–transmission

A
  • larvae penetrate skin
18
Q

Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus–treatment

A
  • bendazoles
  • pyrantel pamoate
19
Q

Trichinella spiralis–disease

A
  • intestinal infection
  • larvae enter bloodstream and encyst in striated muscle cells –> inflammation of muscle
  • Trichinosis
    • fever
    • vomiting
    • nausea
    • periorbital edema
    • myalgia
20
Q

Trichinella spiralis--transmission

A
  • fecal-oral
  • undercooked meat (especially pork)
21
Q

Trichinella spiralis–treatment

A
  • bendazoles
22
Q

name the 4 tissue nematodes (roundworms)

A
  • Toxocara canis
  • Onchocerca volvulus
  • Loa loa
  • Wuchereria bancrofti
23
Q

Toxocara canis–disease

A
  • Visceral larva migrans
    • nematodes migrate to blood thru intestinal wall causing inflammation and damage
    • organs frequently affected include the heart (myocarditis), liver, and CNS (seizures and coma)
24
Q

Toxocara canis–transmission

A
  • fecal-oral
25
Q

Toxocara canis–transmission

A
  • fecal-oral
26
Q

Toxocara canis–treatment

A
  • bendazoles
27
Q

Onchocerca volvulus–disease

A
  • skin changes
  • loss of elastic fibers
  • river blindness
    • black flies, black skin nodules, “black sight”
  • allergic rxn to microfilaria possible
28
Q

Onchocerca volvulus–transmission

A
  • female blackfly
29
Q

Onchocerca volvulus–treatment

A
  • Ivermectin
    • “ivermectin for river blindness”
30
Q

Loa loa–disease

A
  • swelling in skin
  • worm in conjunctiva
31
Q

Loa loa–transmission

A
  • deer fly
  • horse fly
  • mango fly
32
Q

Loa loa–treatment

A
  • diethylcarbamazine
33
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti–disease

A
  • elephantiasis
    • worms invade nodes and cause inflammation which can block lymphatic vessels
    • takes 9 mos-1 year after bite to become symptomatic
34
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti–transmission

A
  • female mosquito
35
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti–treatment

A
  • diethylcarbamazine

USMLE Step I Microbiology (44 decks)

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