Y3 Formative Flashcards
Instructions on how to take bisphosphonates? (3)
Upright for 30 mins after
Don’t eat/take other meds in this time
Lots of water
Why must bisphosphonates be taken sitting upright?
Risk of GORD
Side effects of bisphosphonates? (2)
Severe: Osteonecrosis of jaw (rare)
Mild: GORD, sore tummy :(
When can a bisphosphonate holiday be considered?
After 5 years treatment, if Bone Mineral Density is normal/stable
List some indications for DEXA? (5)
Low trauma fracture >65 with one risk factor Any age with multiple risk factors Bone diseases Before starting prednisolone tx
Microcalcification on mammography suggests?
Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DCIS)
What proportion of women are affected by breast cancer?
1 in 8
What is meant by breast cancer triple assessment?
Examination
Radiology (USS <35, mammography and USS if >35)
Biopsy
Best biopsy technique for new breast lumps?
Ultrasound guided core biopsy
Commonest targetable receptors expressed by breast cancers? (2)
60-70% oestrogen receptor positive
30% HER2 positive
What percentage of breast cancers are HER2 positive?
30%
What percentage of breast cancers are oestrogen receptor positive?
60-70%
Uninterrupted oestrogen exposure does what to breast cancer risk?
Skyrockets it
Hence in the olden days when women were constantly pregnant or breastfeeding, breast cancer much rarer
Why do early menarche, nulliparity and late menopause all increase breast cancer risk?
Longer uninterrupted oestrogen exposure
What is infective mastitis?
Hot painful swollen section of infected breast associated with breastfeeding/lactation
