Big Daddy AFT Y3 Flashcards
Coved ST elevation on ECG> Diagnosis?
Brugada Syndrome
Saddleback ST elevation on ECG> Diagnosis?
Brugada Syndrome
Increasing PR interval followed by dropped QRS complex on ECG> Diagnosis?
Mobitz type I/ Wenkeback
2nd degree Heart Block
(Longer, Longer, Longer, DROP> Then you have a WENKEBACK)
Dropped QRS complexes at regular ratio to those not dropped on ECG.
Diagnosis?
Mobitz Type II
2nd Degree Heart Block
(If some R’s don’t get through> Then you have Mobitz type II)
Epistaxis initial first aid treatment (2)
Lean patient forward (to reduce bloodflow to nasopharynx)
Pinch soft cartilagenous part of nose for 15-20 minutes
Epistaxis for >15mins. Treatment? (2)
Electrocautery if bleeding point can be visualised
Nasal packing if not
Why should asymptomatic bacteriuria be treated in pregnancy?
If untreated, 30% develop acute pyelonephritis
Treatment for Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in pregnancy?
Nitrofurantoin
Must treat or 30% progress to pyelonephritis!
Treat Placental Abruption after 34 weeks?
Deliver
Treat Placental Abruption before 34 weeks? (3)
Steroids to increase foetal lung maturation
Tocolytics (anti- contraction drugs)
Deliver at 37 weeks
Commonest cause of vertical diplopia?
Trochlear Nerve Palsy (CN IV)
Most common causative organism in Prosthetic Joint Infection? (2)
Staph Aureus
Staph Epidermidis
(Skin Commensals innit)
Cyclically lumpy and tender breasts. What is this?
Fibrocystic change
Observation of numerous variables (in individuals) at a single point in time. What type of study is this?
Cross sectional study
Repeated observation of the same variables in individuals, throughout time. What type of study is this?
Longitudinal study
What is a Longitudinal study?
Repeated observation of the same variables through time
What is a Cross-Sectional study?
Observation of numerous variables (in individuals) at a single point in time
Treat Scleritis?
Topical Steroid drops
What is a Cohort Study?
Type of Longitudinal study
All of the studied group share a defining characteristic (eg birth year)
Repeated observation of the same variables through time in a group who all share a defining characteristic. What type of study is this?
Cohort Study (subtype of Longitudinal Study)
Drug treatment of Delirium?
Haloperidol
only when non-pharmacological treatments ineffective
First investigation for ?renal or ?urinary tract malignancy
USS
List the classic symptoms in Renal Cell Carcinoma (3)
Haematuria (frank)
Loin Pain
Renal Mass
What part of the nephron is usually affected by Renal Cell Carcinoma?
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Adenocarcinoma of
What type of cancer is a Renal Cell Carcinoma?
Adenocarcinoma
Of Proximal Convoluted Tubule
What does Memantine treat?
Alzheimer’s Disease (less preferred to Donepezil)
Treatment for Gout in Renal Failure?
Febuxostat
Define azoospermia
Condition where semen contains no sperm
Side effects of Lithium Toxicity?
Leukocytosis Insipidus (Diabetes Insipidus) Tremor Hypothyroidism Increased Urine Mums beware (teratogenic)
L.I.T.H.IU.M.
What does Oxybutnin treat?
Overactive bladder
Anti body associated with Grave’s Disease?
Thyrotropin Receptor Antibody (TRAb)
Antibody associated with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis?
anti- Thyroid Peroxidase (TPO antibodies)
First line treatment for overactive bladder with urge incontinence?
Oxybutnin
Lumpy breast pain associated with menstrual cycle. Diagnosis?
Fibrocystic breast change/ disease
Drug treatment of delirium with hallucination?
Haloperidol
Headache 24hrs after spinal anaesthetic, observations normal. Diagnosis?
Low pressure headache (due to CSF leak, v common)
Nerve supplying muscles of dorsiflexion?
Common peroneal nerve
What is dorsiflexion?
Movement of the foot where toes move towards shin
Other name for partial seizure?
Focal seizure
Which nerve innervates the skin of the lateral forearm?
Radial nerve
Most likely lobe affected in focal epilepsy with aura?
Temporal lobe
Where is the seizure focus in an Aware Focal Seizure likely to be?
Temporal lobe
Difference between Simple and Complex Focal Seizures?
Simple- awareness retained
Complex- loss of awareness
What is CSF pressure like in bacterial meningitis?
High
Weakness of Superior Oblique leads to what visual change?
Vertical diplopia
especially on looking down
Fourth Cranial Nerve palsy leads to what visual change?
Vertical diplopia, especially on looking down
Due to weakness in Superior Oblique muscle
Trochlear nerve palsy leads to what visual change?
Vertical diplopia, especially on looking down
Due to weakness in Superior Oblique muscle
Vertical diplopia, worse on looking down suggests what pathology? (2)
Weakness of Superior Oblique
Palsy of Trochlear Nerve (CN IV)
First line options in Alzheimer’s Disease? (3)
Donepezil
Galantamine
Rivastigmine
Second line option in Alzheimer’s Disease?
Memantine
When is Memantine indicated for Alzheimer’s Disease? (2)
Severe disease
Mild/moderate disease not responsive to Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors (1st line- donepezil/ galantamine/ rivastigmine)
guess what
you’re doing fine mate keep shifting
this is getting us places
Treatment for non-infectious lactational mastitis?
Simple analgesia
Keep breastfeeding!
A mother with non-infectious lactational mastitis should stop breastfeeding. True or false?
False
Very rarely should breastfeeding be stopped
Test for chlamydia or gonorrhoea in a woman?
Vulvovaginal swab
Placenta praevia without bleeding in second trimester. What should be done?
Scan again at 36 weeks as most resolve
Delivery >34 weeks if it bleeds
Symptoms of peritonism? (2)
Guarding
Rigidity
Main risk factor for uterine rupture?
Scarred uterus
previous Caesarean section or any other uterine surgery predisposes
During labour:
Continuous abdominal pain
Maternal hypovolaemia
History of C section.
Likely diagnosis?
Uterine rupture
Why should delivery be planned for any woman with a scarred uterus?
High risk of uterine rupture
How is asymptomatic bacteriuria treated in the First Trimester?
Nitrofurantoin
1- Nitro
2- Nitro
3- Trim
How is asymptomatic bacteriuria treated in the Second Trimester?
Nitrofurantoin
1- Nitro
2- Nitro
3- Trim
How is asymptomatic bacteriuria treated in the Third Trimester?
Trimethoprim
1- Nitro
2- Nitro
3- Trim
Is doxycycline safe in pregnancy?
No
Stains foetal teeth grey & may be teratogenic
Define Discrimination
Prejudiced or unjust treatment of a certain group
Prejudiced or unjust treatment of a certain group. What does this describe?
Discrimination
Young patient with coved ST elevation and T wave inversion on ECG. Likely diagnosis?
Brugada syndrome
Small cell lung cancer may release which hormone?
Anti Diuretic Hormone (ADH)
What does ADH stimulate? (2)
Insertion of aquaporin 2 channels in collecting duct
Reabsorption of solute-free water
(Too much therefore leads to dilutional hyponatraemia)
What solutes are reabsorbed with water through aquaporin 2 channels in the collecting duct?
None, water is solute-free
How does SIADH lead to hyponatraemia? (3)
Stimulates insertion of aquaporin 2 channels
Solute-free water is reabsorbed
Dilutional hyponatraemia ensues
Anti- TRAb antibodies suggest what diagnosis?
Grave’s Disease
Anti-TPO antibodies suggest what diagnosis?
Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
History of cancer, even years ago, should raise suspicion of what? (MSK)
Bony mets
Recurrence, metastasis
Breast Lung Prostate Renal Thyroid
Treat acute gout?
High dose NSAID or
Colchicine
How do we differentiate Osteoarthritis of thumb and DeQuervain’s Tenosynovitis?
DeQuervain’s Tenosynovitis has pain along radial aspect of wrist
(tendinous sheath is inflamed)
Painful eye with loss of acuity presents to GP. What do?
Refer that shit
Ophthalmology
Define a case-control study
Two groups of patients are compared, where one group has a certain condition and the other group does not
Two groups of patients are compared. In one group all patients have a certain condition, and in the other group they do not.
What type of study does this describe?
Case-control study
Define hydronephrosis
Swelling of kidney due to fluid build-up
Due to Blockage/obstruction
What causes Hydronephrosis?
Blockage/obstruction of renal outflow
Hydronephrosis= Swelling of kidney due to fluid build-up
What is the name for swelling of kidney due to fluid build-up?
Hydronephrosis
Treatment for Hydronephrosis with signs of infection?
Nephrostomy
Define Nephrostomy
Surgical opening created between kidney and skin to drain backed up urine
Treatment for Hydronephrosis
Epithelial cells and blood in urine should raise suspicion of what?
Transitional Cell Bladder Cancer
if in GP refer to urology
If an exam question mentions GP setting, what should you consider?
Clue that maybe you should refer
Rather than try and do posh fancy tests yourself in primary care
