Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

WlwG Old > WlwG Notes Summary > Flashcards

WlwG Notes Summary Flashcards

1
Q

Generic Appearance: Fat

A

T1-hyper, CT-HYPO, PD hyper, IN-HIGH, out-low, Fat-suppressed hypo, US-var

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Generic Appearance: Metal

A

T1-hyper, CT-HYPER, IN-LOW, out-high, Non-enhancing, T2-hypo (for calcium/wilsons/glycogen, NOT haemochromatosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Generic Appearance: Subacute blood/haemorrhagic

A

CT-hetero/hyper, US-hyper, T1-hyper

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

T1-hyper, T2-hyper, CT-hypo: Meaning and examples

A

Pure fat: Lipoma/AML/myelolipoma/lipoleiomyoma/liposarcoma (fat-suppressed hyper), adenoma (except pleomorphic adenoma), clear cell RCC, fatty regeneration nodule, craniopharyngioma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Appearance of Lipoma/lipoleiomyoma

A

T1-hyper, T2-hyper, CT-hypo, fat-suppressed hypo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Appearance of AML

A

T1-hyper, T2-hyper, CT-hypo, fat-suppressed hypo, very enhancing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Appearance of liposarcoma

A

T1-hyper, T2-hyper, CT-hypo, fat-suppressed HYPER (not hypo of fat)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Appearance of adenoma (except pleomorphic adenoma)

A

T1-hyper, T2-hyper, CT-hypo, fat-suppressed hypo (fatty), arterial to iso enhancement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Appearance of clear cell RCC

A

T1-hyper, T2-hyper, CT-hypo, fat-suppressed hypo (fatty)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Appearance of craniopharyngioma

A

T1-hyper, T2-hyper, CT-hypo, fat-suppressed hypo (fatty)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

T1-hyper, T2-hypo, CT-hypo: Meaning and examples

A

(fatty with fibrosis/protein): Cystic fibrosis/germ cell/dermoid/teratoma/colloid, papillary RCC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Appearance of cystic fibrosis

A

T1-hyper (fatty) with T2-hypo (fibrosis/protein), CT hypo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Appearance of germ cell/dermoid/teratoma

A

T1-hyper (fatty) with T2-hypo (fibrosis/protein), CT hypo, may have heterogeneous enhancement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Appearance of colloid

A

T1-hyper (fatty) with T2-hypo (fibrosis/protein), CT hypo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Appearance of papillary RCC

A

T1-hyper (fatty) with T2-hypo (fibrosis/protein), CT hypo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

T1-hyper with enhancement: Meaning and examples

A

Fat with vascular component: Arterial to Iso (adenoma), very enhancing (AML), heterogeneous enhancement (teratoma, craniopharyngioma)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

T1-hyper, T2-hyper, CT-hyper, US-hyper: Meaning and examples

A

Bleeds/vascular: Bleeds, Bone/skull haemangiomas (high fat/fluid, not body haemangioma), Haemorrhagic mets in kidney/thyroid/carcinoid/chorioca

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Appearance of bone/skull haemangiomas

A

T1-hyper, T2-hyper, CT-hyper, US-hyper

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

T1-hyper, T2-hypo, CT-hyper/hetero: Meaning and examples

A

Bleed/vascular with fibrosis/protein: Endometriosis, Haemorrhagic cyst

If GRE-hypo/contrast non-opacification also = thrombus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Appearance of endometriosis

A

T1-hyper, T2-hypo, CT-hyper/hetero (blood/vascular with fibrosis/protein)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Appearance of haemorrhagic cyst

A

T1-hyper, T2-hypo, CT-hyper/hetero (blood/vascular with fibrosis/protein)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Appearance of thrombus

A

T1-hyper, T2-hypo, CT-hyper/hetero (blood/vascular with fibrosis/protein)
GRE-hypo, contrast non-opacification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Appearance of calcification/wilsons/glycogen storage

A

T1-hyper, CT-HYPER, IN-LOW, out-high, Non-enhancing, T2-hypo (for calcium/wilsons/glycogen, NOT haemochromatosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Appearance of melanoma

A

T1-hyper, T2-hypo, CT-hetero (similar to colloid cyst/fat with protein)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
T1-hypo, T2-hyper: Meaning and examples
Fluid (CSF/cyst), Bleed, Oedema (Trauma/Infn/Inflm)
26
PD sequence in fat vs fluid vs cartilage/muscle differences
Hyper in Fat (T1-hyper) and fluid (T1-hypo). ("PDFF") Cartilage/muscle hypo.
27
T2-hyper vs FLAIR differences and examples of FLAIR hyper/hypo
FLAIR = fluid-suppressed, thus T2 sequence minus fluid/CSF: FLAIR-hyper: Bleed, Oedema, Epidermoid (T1-hypo, T2-hyper, compare Arachnoid cyst) FLAIR-hypo: Fluid (Eg. CSF/Arachnoid cyst)
28
Appearance of cyst
T1-hypo, T2-hyper, US-anechoic, CT-hypo, non-enhancing, no doppler-flow (excluding haemorrhagic/colloid cysts)
29
Appearance of abscess
DR, ring-enhancement T1-hypo, T2-hyper
30
T1-hypo, T2-hyper, US-hyper: Meaning and examples
Vascular: Peripheral fill-in enhancement to retaining (Haemangio-Endothelioma) Very heterogeneously enhancing (Hamartoma) Homogeneously enhancing (Haemangio-blastoma nodule, Body Haemangioma, notbone/skull haemangioma which are T1-hyper)
31
Appearance of cancer (generic)
T1-hypo, T2-hyper, CT-hypo, DR, Enhancement Lymphoma: Commonly bilateral, PET-avid HCC: T1-hypo/var, US-hypo Pheo/Para-ganglioma: Heterogeneous avid enhancement with FLOW VOIDS 'salt-and-pepper appearance' (“Pheo = Flow void”) Schwannoma: Heterogeneous avid enhancement with CYSTS (“SCH = Super enhancing, Cystic, Hetero”) Meningioma: HOMOgeneous enhancement with dural tail, calcs, non-invasive, T1-hypo-iso/T2-iso-hyper, CT-iso-hyper (“MENIN = hoMo Enhancement, Non-INvasive”) Neurofibroma: Poor heterogeneous enhancement with TARGET sign Angiosarcoma: Poor heterogeneous enhancement Warthins: Heterogeneous moderate enhancement with cysts
32
T1-hypo, T2-hypo, CT-hypo: Meaning and examples
Non-fatty Fibrosis: in Fibroid/Leiomyoma, Fibroma, Thecoma/Fibrothecoma
33
Appearance of mets
T1/2-var, Arterial to peripheral washout, MRI-variable, US-hyper in GIT/HCC, US-hypo in other mets/lymphoma, CT-hypo in colonic met
34
Appearance of FNH
Central scar-enhancing, US-spoke wheel, T1-iso, T2-iso/hyper
35
Appearance of Cirrhosis
US-hyper, T1/T2-iso
36
Appearance of Focal Confluent Fibrosis, Nodular fasciitis, Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma, Pleomorphic adenoma
CT hypo, T1-hypo, T2-hyper (atypical fibrosis appearance)
37
Examples ot T1/2 hypo, T1/2 normal and T1/2 hyper
T1 = T2: Both low in iron (and most fibrosis), both normal in cirrhosis/FNH, both high in fat (“Low iron, normal alcohol, high fat”)
38
Examples of restricted diffusion
(cell activity) (“PEST”): Pus/abscess, Epidermoid, Stroke, Tumour
39
US-hypo: Meaning and examples
US-Hypo +/- posterior enhancement (“loose in fluids/oedema”): Hypo in HCC, Anechoic in Cyst, Liquids eg Galactocoele, Medullary breast ca, gallbladder, urinary bladder
40
US-hyper: Meaning and examples
(“stiff in deposits”) A = AML B = Bleeds C = Calcs D = Deposits E = mEts F = Fat G = Glycogen liver H = Haems & Hams (HaemangioEndothelioma/Body haemangioma/hamartoma)
41
CT/MRI appearance of brain infarct
CT Low, T2/Flair/ADC Increasing, DWI always High
42
CT appearance of brain bleed
Hyper then Decreasing
43
MRI appearance of brain bleed
(“1234 212 Both” = Hyper Iso-Bri, Acute T2 dark, Early sub T1-bright, Late sub T2-bright, Chronic both dark”) (“1234 IBID BaD BaBy DaD goodbye”): <1 day hyperacute: T1-iso, T2-bright 2 days acute: T1-iso, T2-dark >3 days early subacute: T1-bright, T2-dark 1-4 weeks late subacute: T1-bright, T2-bright >4 weeks chronic T1-dark, T2-dark rim (may have bright center)
44
Tumour markers: CA 15-3
Breast ("B = 13")
45
Tumour markers: 5-HIAA
Carcinoid
46
Tumour markers: CA 19-9
Upper abdomen (liver/pancreas/cholangioCa) ("P = 19")
47
Tumour markers: CEA and CA 19-9
CholangioCa ("near both upper abdo and colorectal, thus both")
48
Tumour markers: CA 125
Ovarian serous CystAdenoCa (SCAC)
49
Tumour markers: AFP in adult
HCC
50
Tumour markers: AFP in child
Hepatoblastoma or yolk sac tumour
51
Tumour markers: AFP in ovarian/testicular mass
Yolk sac tumour
52
Tumour markers: bHCG in male
Testicular seminoma
53
Tumour markers: bHCG in female, large mass
GTD/Hydatidiform mole
54
Tumour markers: bHCG in female, multiple cysts
Theca lutein cyst
55
Tumour markers: bHCG in female, post-GTD removal
ChorioCa
56
Tumour markers: bHCG in female, no suspicious mass
Pregnancy
57
Mets: Thoracic (lung/pleura vs mediastinal vs tracheobronchial)
“GBK + Thyroid” Tracheobronchial also add nearby (lung) Mediastinal also add H&N/testicular
58
Mets: Upper abdo organs (liver/pancreas/spleen/adrenal/kidney)
GBK + LM (lung/melanoma)
59
Mets: Upper GIT (stomach/SB)
GBK + LM (lung/melanoma)
60
Mets: Intra-medullary spinal mets
GBK + LM (lung/melanoma)
61
Mets: Brain
GBK + LM (lung/melanoma)
62
Mets: Peritoneal
GBK + LM (lung/melanoma) + ovarian
63
Mets: Paeds liver
Neuroblastoma/Wilms
64
Mets: Extra-medullary spinal drop mets
CNS
65
Mets: Sclerotic bone mets
Prostate ("White sex, Bilateral breasts, Black KULT")
66
Mets: Mixed bone mets
Breast ("White sex, Bilateral breasts, Black KULT")
67
Mets: Lytic bone mets
Kidney/bladder/lung/thyroid ("White sex, Bilateral breasts, Black KULT")
68
Mets: Male genitals (penis/seminal vesicle/testicles)
“GBK + Uro (prostate/bladder)”
69
Mets: Heart
blood (lymphoma/leukaemia) + nearby (lung/breast/oesophagus)
70
Mets: Breast
nearby (melanoma/lymphoma/lung)
71
Associations: Bilateral enlarged cystic kidneys, adult
AD (ADult) or AR (infant) PCKD
72
Associations: Bilateral enlarged cystic kidneys, child
AD (ADult) or AR (infant) PCKD
73
Associations: Bilateral small kidneys
Medullary Cystic Disease (MCD)
74
Associations: Bilateral Kidney AML
Tuberous Sclerosis (“TuBAH = Tubers, Bilateral kidney AML, Hamartomas”)
75
Associations: Bilateral solid kidney tumours
Lymphoma
76
Associations: Bilateral ESRF kidneys with cysts
Uremic cystic disease
77
Associations: Spleen + bone + gallstones (all the CALCS)
Sickle Cell
78
Associations: Pancreas + liver (all the FATTY)
Cystic Fibrosis
79
Associations: Liver + spleen + bone marrow (all the really LARGE)
Gauchers (“Gorge on all”)
80
Associations: Heart/lung/skin/liver/spleen/kidney/lymph node (ALL GOT)
Amyloidosis
81
Associations: Joints (pain) + liver + basal ganglia (pseudo-parkinsons) + CNS (psychosis) + eyes (Kayser-Fleischer rings)
Wilsons
82
Associations: Septic emboli + pharyngitis/tonsillitis
Lemierre's Syndrome
83
Associations: Liver cirrhosis + Lung emphysema
Alpha-1-Anti-Trypsin deficiency (A1AT)
84
Associations: Skull/Bone + lungs
LCH
85
Associations: Para-ganglioma (Mediastinal heterogeneous enhancing ++, I-131/MIBG) + GIST + pulmonary chondroma/hamartoma
Carney triad “CarnaGe Gang = Chondroma, Gastric (GIST tumour if Triad, Sarcoma if Syndrome), Ganglioma”
86
Associations: Para-ganglioma + gastric sarcoma + atrial myxoma + testicle sertoli tumour + pituitary adenoma
Carney syndrome “CarnaGe Gang = Chondroma, Gastric (GIST tumour if Triad, Sarcoma if Syndrome), Ganglioma”
87
Associations: Liver + lung AVM + bowel + face telangiectasis (all the vessel ANGIODYSPLASIA)
HHT/Osler Weber Rendu
88
Associations: Kidney/adrenal + skin cafe spots + lung + CNS/eye/spine, plexiform neurofibroma
(all the SOLIDS, more PERIPHERAL) = NF1
89
Associations: Multiple meningiomas, schwanomas, ependymomas, bilateral acoustic neuromas, in brain and spine
(all the NEUROS, only CENTRAL) = NF2 “MMSE”
90
Associations: Liver + kidney + pancreas + adrenal pheo (all the CYSTS)
Von Hippel Lindau
91
Associations: Liver + kidney + pancreas + adrenal pheo (all the CYSTS)
Von Hippel Lindau (“HiPPEL = Haemangioma, Pheo, Pancreatic cysts, Eye haemangio-blastoma, Liver cysts”)
92
Associations: Pancreas + pituitary + PTH
(“PPP”) = MEN 1 (“1 man PPP no pheo/friends, 2A is pheo/friends with thyroid & PTH, 2B is too big/marfans”)
93
Associations: Adrenal pheo + thyroid + PTH
MEN 2A (“1 man PPP no pheo/friends, 2A is pheo/friends with thyroid & PTH, 2B is too big/marfans”)
94
Associations: Adrenal pheo + thyroid + Marfans
MEN 2B (“1 man PPP no pheo/friends, 2A is pheo/friends with thyroid & PTH, 2B is too big/marfans”)
95
LN Drainage: Hip/leg
Superficial inguinal
96
LN Drainage: Pelvic organs
Internal/common iliac then para-aortic
97
LN Drainage: Oral
Sub-mandibular
98
LN Drainage: Stomach
Peri-umbilical/gastrohepatic/gastrosplenic
99
LN Drainage: Intestines/colon
Ileocolic/mesocolic then Superior/inferior mesenteric
100
LN Drainage: URTI
Cervical
101
LN Drainage: H&N
Cervical
102
LN Drainage: Abdo organs
Gastrohepatic/hepatoduodenal/splenorenal/gastrosplenic then pre-aortic/coeliac
103
Comparison of Para-ganglioma vs Schwannoma vs Meningioma vs Neurofibroma on scans
All generally T1-hypo, T2-hyper, CT-hypo, enhancing. Pheo/Para-ganglioma: Heterogeneous avid enhancement with FLOW VOIDS 'salt-and-pepper appearance' Schwannoma: Heterogeneous avid enhancement with CYSTS ("Super avid enhancement, Cyst, Hetero") Meningioma: HOMOgeneous enhancement with dural tail, calcs, non-invasive, T1-hypo-iso/T2-iso-hyper, CT-iso-hyper ("hoMogeneous Enhancement") Neurofibroma: Poor heterogeneous enhancement with TARGET sign
104
Comparison of Dermoid vs Epidermoid vs Arachnoid cyst
Dermoid/Teratoma: T1-hyper, T2-hypo, fat-suppressed Epidermoid: T1-hypo, T2-hyper, FLAIR-hyper, DR Arachnoid cyst: T1-hypo, T2-hyper, FLAIR-hypo (CSF thus fluid)
105
Neuro Basal Ganglia conditions by location & mnemonic
From anterior to posterior: CLIT = Caudate, Lentiform, Insula, Thalamus, Midbrain, Pons, Medulla ("March my hall carbs & all her liver, we were far 'from' parking oddly, forget crying leh bae") (Depository conditions are T1-hyper, rest are T2-hyper) Caudate: T2 Marchiafava Lent-Putamen: T2 Methanol Lent-Globus Pallidus: T1 Haller, T2 CO Insula: T2 ALS, Hepatic encephalopathy/liver, Unilateral Herpes Thalamus: T1 Wilsons/Fahrs, T2 Wernicke-Korsakoff Midbrain: T1 Parkinson Pons: T2 Osmotic-demyelination/ODS Whole BG: Infant T2 Leighs, Oro-genital T2 Behcets, Symmetrical T2 Cryptococcus, Dementia T2 CJD

WlwG Old (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions