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WlwG Old > WlwG Notes Summary > Flashcards

WlwG Notes Summary Flashcards

1
Q

Generic Appearance: Fat

A

T1-hyper, CT-HYPO, PD hyper, IN-HIGH, out-low, Fat-suppressed hypo, US-var

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2
Q

Generic Appearance: Metal

A

T1-hyper, CT-HYPER, IN-LOW, out-high, Non-enhancing, T2-hypo (for calcium/wilsons/glycogen, NOT haemochromatosis)

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3
Q

Generic Appearance: Subacute blood/haemorrhagic

A

CT-hetero/hyper, US-hyper, T1-hyper

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4
Q

T1-hyper, T2-hyper, CT-hypo: Meaning and examples

A

Pure fat: Lipoma/AML/myelolipoma/lipoleiomyoma/liposarcoma (fat-suppressed hyper), adenoma (except pleomorphic adenoma), clear cell RCC, fatty regeneration nodule, craniopharyngioma

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5
Q

Appearance of Lipoma/lipoleiomyoma

A

T1-hyper, T2-hyper, CT-hypo, fat-suppressed hypo

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6
Q

Appearance of AML

A

T1-hyper, T2-hyper, CT-hypo, fat-suppressed hypo, very enhancing

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7
Q

Appearance of liposarcoma

A

T1-hyper, T2-hyper, CT-hypo, fat-suppressed HYPER (not hypo of fat)

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8
Q

Appearance of adenoma (except pleomorphic adenoma)

A

T1-hyper, T2-hyper, CT-hypo, fat-suppressed hypo (fatty), arterial to iso enhancement

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9
Q

Appearance of clear cell RCC

A

T1-hyper, T2-hyper, CT-hypo, fat-suppressed hypo (fatty)

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10
Q

Appearance of craniopharyngioma

A

T1-hyper, T2-hyper, CT-hypo, fat-suppressed hypo (fatty)

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11
Q

T1-hyper, T2-hypo, CT-hypo: Meaning and examples

A

(fatty with fibrosis/protein): Cystic fibrosis/germ cell/dermoid/teratoma/colloid, papillary RCC

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12
Q

Appearance of cystic fibrosis

A

T1-hyper (fatty) with T2-hypo (fibrosis/protein), CT hypo

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13
Q

Appearance of germ cell/dermoid/teratoma

A

T1-hyper (fatty) with T2-hypo (fibrosis/protein), CT hypo, may have heterogeneous enhancement

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14
Q

Appearance of colloid

A

T1-hyper (fatty) with T2-hypo (fibrosis/protein), CT hypo

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15
Q

Appearance of papillary RCC

A

T1-hyper (fatty) with T2-hypo (fibrosis/protein), CT hypo

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16
Q

T1-hyper with enhancement: Meaning and examples

A

Fat with vascular component: Arterial to Iso (adenoma), very enhancing (AML), heterogeneous enhancement (teratoma, craniopharyngioma)

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17
Q

T1-hyper, T2-hyper, CT-hyper, US-hyper: Meaning and examples

A

Bleeds/vascular: Bleeds, Bone/skull haemangiomas (high fat/fluid, not body haemangioma), Haemorrhagic mets in kidney/thyroid/carcinoid/chorioca

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18
Q

Appearance of bone/skull haemangiomas

A

T1-hyper, T2-hyper, CT-hyper, US-hyper

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19
Q

T1-hyper, T2-hypo, CT-hyper/hetero: Meaning and examples

A

Bleed/vascular with fibrosis/protein: Endometriosis, Haemorrhagic cyst

If GRE-hypo/contrast non-opacification also = thrombus

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20
Q

Appearance of endometriosis

A

T1-hyper, T2-hypo, CT-hyper/hetero (blood/vascular with fibrosis/protein)

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21
Q

Appearance of haemorrhagic cyst

A

T1-hyper, T2-hypo, CT-hyper/hetero (blood/vascular with fibrosis/protein)

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22
Q

Appearance of thrombus

A

T1-hyper, T2-hypo, CT-hyper/hetero (blood/vascular with fibrosis/protein)
GRE-hypo, contrast non-opacification

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23
Q

Appearance of calcification/wilsons/glycogen storage

A

T1-hyper, CT-HYPER, IN-LOW, out-high, Non-enhancing, T2-hypo (for calcium/wilsons/glycogen, NOT haemochromatosis)

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24
Q

Appearance of melanoma

A

T1-hyper, T2-hypo, CT-hetero (similar to colloid cyst/fat with protein)

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25
Q

T1-hypo, T2-hyper: Meaning and examples

A

Fluid (CSF/cyst), Bleed, Oedema (Trauma/Infn/Inflm)

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26
Q

PD sequence in fat vs fluid vs cartilage/muscle differences

A

Hyper in Fat (T1-hyper) and fluid (T1-hypo). (“PDFF”)

Cartilage/muscle hypo.

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27
Q

T2-hyper vs FLAIR differences and examples of FLAIR hyper/hypo

A

FLAIR = fluid-suppressed, thus T2 sequence minus fluid/CSF:

FLAIR-hyper: Bleed, Oedema, Epidermoid (T1-hypo, T2-hyper, compare Arachnoid cyst)

FLAIR-hypo: Fluid (Eg. CSF/Arachnoid cyst)

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28
Q

Appearance of cyst

A

T1-hypo, T2-hyper, US-anechoic, CT-hypo, non-enhancing, no doppler-flow (excluding haemorrhagic/colloid cysts)

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29
Q

Appearance of abscess

A

DR, ring-enhancement
T1-hypo, T2-hyper

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30
Q

T1-hypo, T2-hyper, US-hyper: Meaning and examples

A

Vascular:
Peripheral fill-in enhancement to retaining (Haemangio-Endothelioma)

Very heterogeneously enhancing (Hamartoma)

Homogeneously enhancing (Haemangio-blastoma nodule, Body Haemangioma, notbone/skull haemangioma which are T1-hyper)

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31
Q

Appearance of cancer (generic)

A

T1-hypo, T2-hyper, CT-hypo, DR, Enhancement
Lymphoma: Commonly bilateral, PET-avid
HCC: T1-hypo/var, US-hypo
Pheo/Para-ganglioma: Heterogeneous avid enhancement with FLOW VOIDS ‘salt-and-pepper appearance’ (“Pheo = Flow void”)
Schwannoma: Heterogeneous avid enhancement with CYSTS (“SCH = Super enhancing, Cystic, Hetero”)
Meningioma: HOMOgeneous enhancement with dural tail, calcs, non-invasive, T1-hypo-iso/T2-iso-hyper, CT-iso-hyper (“MENIN = hoMo Enhancement, Non-INvasive”)
Neurofibroma: Poor heterogeneous enhancement with TARGET sign
Angiosarcoma: Poor heterogeneous enhancement
Warthins: Heterogeneous moderate enhancement with cysts

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32
Q

T1-hypo, T2-hypo, CT-hypo: Meaning and examples

A

Non-fatty Fibrosis: in Fibroid/Leiomyoma, Fibroma, Thecoma/Fibrothecoma

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33
Q

Appearance of mets

A

T1/2-var, Arterial to peripheral washout, MRI-variable, US-hyper in GIT/HCC, US-hypo in other mets/lymphoma, CT-hypo in colonic met

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34
Q

Appearance of FNH

A

Central scar-enhancing, US-spoke wheel, T1-iso, T2-iso/hyper

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35
Q

Appearance of Cirrhosis

A

US-hyper, T1/T2-iso

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36
Q

Appearance of Focal Confluent Fibrosis, Nodular fasciitis, Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma, Pleomorphic adenoma

A

CT hypo, T1-hypo, T2-hyper (atypical fibrosis appearance)

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37
Q

Examples ot T1/2 hypo, T1/2 normal and T1/2 hyper

A

T1 = T2: Both low in iron (and most fibrosis), both normal in cirrhosis/FNH, both high in fat (“Low iron, normal alcohol, high fat”)

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38
Q

Examples of restricted diffusion

A

(cell activity) (“PEST”): Pus/abscess, Epidermoid, Stroke, Tumour

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39
Q

US-hypo: Meaning and examples

A

US-Hypo +/- posterior enhancement (“loose in fluids/oedema”): Hypo in HCC, Anechoic in Cyst, Liquids eg Galactocoele, Medullary breast ca, gallbladder, urinary bladder

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40
Q

US-hyper: Meaning and examples

A

(“stiff in deposits”)
A = AML
B = Bleeds
C = Calcs
D = Deposits
E = mEts
F = Fat
G = Glycogen liver
H = Haems & Hams (HaemangioEndothelioma/Body haemangioma/hamartoma)

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41
Q

CT/MRI appearance of brain infarct

A

CT Low, T2/Flair/ADC Increasing, DWI always High

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42
Q

CT appearance of brain bleed

A

Hyper then Decreasing

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43
Q

MRI appearance of brain bleed

A

(“1234 212 Both” = Hyper Iso-Bri, Acute T2 dark, Early sub T1-bright, Late sub T2-bright, Chronic both dark”) (“1234 IBID BaD BaBy DaD goodbye”):
<1 day hyperacute: T1-iso, T2-bright
2 days acute: T1-iso, T2-dark
>3 days early subacute: T1-bright, T2-dark
1-4 weeks late subacute: T1-bright, T2-bright
>4 weeks chronic T1-dark, T2-dark rim (may have bright center)

44
Q

Tumour markers: CA 15-3

A

Breast (“B = 13”)

45
Q

Tumour markers: 5-HIAA

A

Carcinoid

46
Q

Tumour markers: CA 19-9

A

Upper abdomen (liver/pancreas/cholangioCa) (“P = 19”)

47
Q

Tumour markers: CEA and CA 19-9

A

CholangioCa (“near both upper abdo and colorectal, thus both”)

48
Q

Tumour markers: CA 125

A

Ovarian serous CystAdenoCa (SCAC)

49
Q

Tumour markers: AFP in adult

A

HCC

50
Q

Tumour markers: AFP in child

A

Hepatoblastoma or yolk sac tumour

51
Q

Tumour markers: AFP in ovarian/testicular mass

A

Yolk sac tumour

52
Q

Tumour markers: bHCG in male

A

Testicular seminoma

53
Q

Tumour markers: bHCG in female, large mass

A

GTD/Hydatidiform mole

54
Q

Tumour markers: bHCG in female, multiple cysts

A

Theca lutein cyst

55
Q

Tumour markers: bHCG in female, post-GTD removal

A

ChorioCa

56
Q

Tumour markers: bHCG in female, no suspicious mass

A

Pregnancy

57
Q

Mets: Thoracic (lung/pleura vs mediastinal vs tracheobronchial)

A

“GBK + Thyroid”
Tracheobronchial also add nearby (lung)
Mediastinal also add H&N/testicular

58
Q

Mets: Upper abdo organs (liver/pancreas/spleen/adrenal/kidney)

A

GBK + LM (lung/melanoma)

59
Q

Mets: Upper GIT (stomach/SB)

A

GBK + LM (lung/melanoma)

60
Q

Mets: Intra-medullary spinal mets

A

GBK + LM (lung/melanoma)

61
Q

Mets: Brain

A

GBK + LM (lung/melanoma)

62
Q

Mets: Peritoneal

A

GBK + LM (lung/melanoma) + ovarian

63
Q

Mets: Paeds liver

A

Neuroblastoma/Wilms

64
Q

Mets: Extra-medullary spinal drop mets

A

CNS

65
Q

Mets: Sclerotic bone mets

A

Prostate (“White sex, Bilateral breasts, Black KULT”)

66
Q

Mets: Mixed bone mets

A

Breast (“White sex, Bilateral breasts, Black KULT”)

67
Q

Mets: Lytic bone mets

A

Kidney/bladder/lung/thyroid (“White sex, Bilateral breasts, Black KULT”)

68
Q

Mets: Male genitals (penis/seminal vesicle/testicles)

A

“GBK + Uro (prostate/bladder)”

69
Q

Mets: Heart

A

blood (lymphoma/leukaemia) + nearby (lung/breast/oesophagus)

70
Q

Mets: Breast

A

nearby (melanoma/lymphoma/lung)

71
Q

Associations: Bilateral enlarged cystic kidneys, adult

A

AD (ADult) or AR (infant) PCKD

72
Q

Associations: Bilateral enlarged cystic kidneys, child

A

AD (ADult) or AR (infant) PCKD

73
Q

Associations: Bilateral small kidneys

A

Medullary Cystic Disease (MCD)

74
Q

Associations: Bilateral Kidney AML

A

Tuberous Sclerosis (“TuBAH = Tubers, Bilateral kidney AML, Hamartomas”)

75
Q

Associations: Bilateral solid kidney tumours

A

Lymphoma

76
Q

Associations: Bilateral ESRF kidneys with cysts

A

Uremic cystic disease

77
Q

Associations: Spleen + bone + gallstones (all the CALCS)

A

Sickle Cell

78
Q

Associations: Pancreas + liver (all the FATTY)

A

Cystic Fibrosis

79
Q

Associations: Liver + spleen + bone marrow (all the really LARGE)

A

Gauchers (“Gorge on all”)

80
Q

Associations: Heart/lung/skin/liver/spleen/kidney/lymph node (ALL GOT)

A

Amyloidosis

81
Q

Associations: Joints (pain) + liver + basal ganglia (pseudo-parkinsons) + CNS (psychosis) + eyes (Kayser-Fleischer rings)

A

Wilsons

82
Q

Associations: Septic emboli + pharyngitis/tonsillitis

A

Lemierre’s Syndrome

83
Q

Associations: Liver cirrhosis + Lung emphysema

A

Alpha-1-Anti-Trypsin deficiency (A1AT)

84
Q

Associations: Skull/Bone + lungs

A

LCH

85
Q

Associations: Para-ganglioma (Mediastinal heterogeneous enhancing ++, I-131/MIBG) + GIST + pulmonary chondroma/hamartoma

A

Carney triad
“CarnaGe Gang = Chondroma, Gastric (GIST tumour if Triad, Sarcoma if Syndrome), Ganglioma”

86
Q

Associations: Para-ganglioma + gastric sarcoma + atrial myxoma + testicle sertoli tumour + pituitary adenoma

A

Carney syndrome
“CarnaGe Gang = Chondroma, Gastric (GIST tumour if Triad, Sarcoma if Syndrome), Ganglioma”

87
Q

Associations: Liver + lung AVM + bowel + face telangiectasis (all the vessel ANGIODYSPLASIA)

A

HHT/Osler Weber Rendu

88
Q

Associations: Kidney/adrenal + skin cafe spots + lung + CNS/eye/spine, plexiform neurofibroma

A

(all the SOLIDS, more PERIPHERAL) = NF1

89
Q

Associations: Multiple meningiomas, schwanomas, ependymomas, bilateral acoustic neuromas, in brain and spine

A

(all the NEUROS, only CENTRAL) = NF2
“MMSE”

90
Q

Associations: Liver + kidney + pancreas + adrenal pheo (all the CYSTS)

A

Von Hippel Lindau

91
Q

Associations: Liver + kidney + pancreas + adrenal pheo (all the CYSTS)

A

Von Hippel Lindau (“HiPPEL = Haemangioma, Pheo, Pancreatic cysts, Eye haemangio-blastoma, Liver cysts”)

92
Q

Associations: Pancreas + pituitary + PTH

A

(“PPP”) = MEN 1
(“1 man PPP no pheo/friends, 2A is pheo/friends with thyroid & PTH, 2B is too big/marfans”)

93
Q

Associations: Adrenal pheo + thyroid + PTH

A

MEN 2A
(“1 man PPP no pheo/friends, 2A is pheo/friends with thyroid & PTH, 2B is too big/marfans”)

94
Q

Associations: Adrenal pheo + thyroid + Marfans

A

MEN 2B
(“1 man PPP no pheo/friends, 2A is pheo/friends with thyroid & PTH, 2B is too big/marfans”)

95
Q

LN Drainage: Hip/leg

A

Superficial inguinal

96
Q

LN Drainage: Pelvic organs

A

Internal/common iliac then para-aortic

97
Q

LN Drainage: Oral

A

Sub-mandibular

98
Q

LN Drainage: Stomach

A

Peri-umbilical/gastrohepatic/gastrosplenic

99
Q

LN Drainage: Intestines/colon

A

Ileocolic/mesocolic then Superior/inferior mesenteric

100
Q

LN Drainage: URTI

A

Cervical

101
Q

LN Drainage: H&N

A

Cervical

102
Q

LN Drainage: Abdo organs

A

Gastrohepatic/hepatoduodenal/splenorenal/gastrosplenic then pre-aortic/coeliac

103
Q

Comparison of Para-ganglioma vs Schwannoma vs Meningioma vs Neurofibroma on scans

A

All generally T1-hypo, T2-hyper, CT-hypo, enhancing.

Pheo/Para-ganglioma: Heterogeneous avid enhancement with FLOW VOIDS ‘salt-and-pepper appearance’
Schwannoma: Heterogeneous avid enhancement with CYSTS (“Super avid enhancement, Cyst, Hetero”)
Meningioma: HOMOgeneous enhancement with dural tail, calcs, non-invasive, T1-hypo-iso/T2-iso-hyper, CT-iso-hyper (“hoMogeneous Enhancement”)
Neurofibroma: Poor heterogeneous enhancement with TARGET sign

104
Q

Comparison of Dermoid vs Epidermoid vs Arachnoid cyst

A

Dermoid/Teratoma: T1-hyper, T2-hypo, fat-suppressed

Epidermoid: T1-hypo, T2-hyper, FLAIR-hyper, DR

Arachnoid cyst: T1-hypo, T2-hyper, FLAIR-hypo (CSF thus fluid)

105
Q

Neuro Basal Ganglia conditions by location & mnemonic

A

From anterior to posterior: CLIT = Caudate, Lentiform, Insula, Thalamus, Midbrain, Pons, Medulla

(“March my hall carbs & all her liver, we were far ‘from’ parking oddly, forget crying leh bae”)
(Depository conditions are T1-hyper, rest are T2-hyper)

Caudate: T2 Marchiafava
Lent-Putamen: T2 Methanol
Lent-Globus Pallidus: T1 Haller, T2 CO
Insula: T2 ALS, Hepatic encephalopathy/liver, Unilateral Herpes
Thalamus: T1 Wilsons/Fahrs, T2 Wernicke-Korsakoff
Midbrain: T1 Parkinson
Pons: T2 Osmotic-demyelination/ODS
Whole BG: Infant T2 Leighs, Oro-genital T2 Behcets, Symmetrical T2 Cryptococcus, Dementia T2 CJD

WlwG Old (22 decks)

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