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WlwG Old > WlwG Neuro (Infn/Inflm/Degen/Paeds) > Flashcards

WlwG Neuro (Infn/Inflm/Degen/Paeds) Flashcards

1
Q

Grey matter: Frontal atrophy

A

FrontoTemporal dementia/Pick’s disease, loss of interest

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2
Q

Grey matter: Temporoparietal atrophy, disproportional hippocampus

A

Alzheimers, forgetfulness

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3
Q

Grey matter: General/Brainstem atrophy sparing hippocampus

A

Lewy body dementia, visual hallucination and parkinsonism

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4
Q

Grey matter: Scattered general, dementia

A

Vascular dementia, associated with HTN/cadasil/smoking

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5
Q

White matter: T2/flair hyper in child

A

ADEM

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6
Q

White matter: T2/flair hyper in women disseminated in time/space

A

MS

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7
Q

White matter: Adult with diffuse strokes, migraine, dementia, excl occipital

A

Cadasil

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8
Q

White matter: Old with white matter dementia

A

SCARED, SubCortical ARteriosclerotic Encephalopathy Disease = Subcortical, Centrum semiovale, Atrophy, Really Elderly, Dementia

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9
Q

White matter: Bilat asymmetrical periventricular

A

MS

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10
Q

White matter: Bilat asymmetrical confluent after infection

A

ADEM

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11
Q

White matter: Bilat symmetrical T2-hyper sparing subcortical U-fibres

A

HIV encephalopathy

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12
Q

White matter: Bilat symmetrical basal ganglia in immunocompromised

A

Cryptococcus

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13
Q

White matter: Unilateral medial temporal lobe/insula

A

Herpes simplex encephalitis

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14
Q

Basal Ganglia: T1-hyper in midbrain

A

Parkinsons, from melanin
(“Middle-aged Melanie has Parkinsons”)

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15
Q

Basal Ganglia: T1-hyper in putamen/thalamus

A

Wilsons, from copper

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16
Q

Basal Ganglia: T1-hyper in basal ganglia/thalamus

A

Fahrs, from calcification

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17
Q

Basal Ganglia: T1-hyper/T2-hypo in globus pallidus with rigidity/bradykinesia

A

Hallervorden Spatz, from iron. (“Behave like Hell then spit at GP”)

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18
Q

Basal Ganglia: T2-hyper in basal ganglia/brainstem in infant

A

Leighs

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19
Q

White matter: Bilateral peri-ventricular in infant who cant walk/swallow/see

A

Metachromatic Leuko-Dystrophy

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20
Q

Basal Ganglia: T2-hyper with orogenital ulcers, eye problems

A

Behcets

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21
Q

Basal Ganglia: T2/flair-hyper in internal capsule with muscular problems

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/ALS

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22
Q

Smalls: Pons/cerebellum, normal midbrain

A

Multi-system atrophy/MSA

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23
Q

Smalls: Midbrain, normal pons

A

Progressive Supranuclear Palsy/PSP (“hummingbird midbrain”)

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24
Q

Smalls: Caudate

A

Huntingtons

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25
Q

Toxic encephalopathies: Occipital/cerebellum T2-hyper patches, from chemo

A

PRES (“posterior”)

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26
Q

Toxic encephalopathies: Periventricular bilateral T2/flair hyper from chemo/RT/heroin

A

LeukoEncephalopathy

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27
Q

Toxic encephalopathies: Pons T2-hyper from alcohol/cirrhosis/TIPS

A

Osmotic demyelination syndrome/Central pontine myelinolysis

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28
Q

Toxic encephalopathies: Thalamus T2/flair-hyper with small cerebellum/brainstem from alcohol

A

Acute = Wernickes
Chronic = Korsakoffs
(Low Thiamine/Vit B1)

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29
Q

Toxic encephalopathies: Corpus collosum T2-hyper with seizures/AMS from alcohol/cirrhosis/TIPS

A

Marchiafava-Bignami syndrome

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30
Q

Toxic encephalopathies: Insula T2/flair-hyper from alcohol/cirrhosis/TIPS

A

Hepatic encephalopathy

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31
Q

Toxic encephalopathies: Globus pallidus T2-hyper with headache, cerebral oedema, haemorrhages

A

Carbon monoxide (compare to thalamus/pons in alcoholic)

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32
Q

Toxic encephalopathies: Putamen T2-hyper with haemorrhages

A

Methanol

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33
Q

Toxic encephalopathies: Bilateral basal ganglia DWI/T2/Flair-hyper with dementia/psychosis

A

CJD

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34
Q

Meningitis causes in neonate vs child vs adult

A

Neonates (group B strep, E coli), Children (Haemophilus, E. coli), Adults (Strep pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitides)

35
Q

TB meningitis signs

A

Basilar meningeal involvement with HYDROCEPHALUS +/- abscesses

36
Q

Empyema signs

A

Pus in subdural or epidural space due to sinusitis, otitis or trauma/surgery. T1-HYPER, DR with low-attenuation fluid collection and adjacent brain enhancement.

37
Q

Cerebral abscess appearance and causes

A

IVDU, staph, strep, pneumococcus. If immuno-compromised (toxoplasmosis, cryptocococcus, candidiasis, aspergillosis, TB). RIM-ENHANCEMENT, DR, surrounding oedema.

38
Q

NeuroCystiCercosis vs Lyme disease signs?

A

NeuroCystiCercosis: Taenia/tapeworm parasite in South America with seizures and ring-enhancing lesion/cysts

Lyme disease: Borrelia infection mimicking MS lesions (“Lyke MS”).

39
Q

Herpes simplex: HSV1 vs HSV2 signs

A

HSV1 (Oral herpes with AMS), HSV2 (Genital herpes with diffuse encephalitis) (“Oral before sex”)

40
Q

HIV neuro: HIV encephalitis vs Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, 2 main differences?

A

HIV Encephalitis: Diffuse SYMMETRIC deep white matter T2/Flair-hyper, brain ATROPHY.

Progressive Multi-focal Leuko-Encephalopathy (PML): Scattered hypodensities with ASYMMETRIC T2/Flair-HYPER, no brain atrophy.

41
Q

TORCHS organs involved?

A

“Organs affected from top to bottom:”
To/Toxoplasmosis = ventricles (hydrocephalus) & eyes
R/Rubella = eyes/ears/heart
C/CMV = liver/spleen
H/HSV2 = skin
S/Syphilis = premature and everywhere, lymph nodes

42
Q

TORCHS brain components involved?

A

Brain affected:
To = hydrocephalus/abscess/calcs
R = deaf/cataract
C = small brain
H = oedema/haemorrhage/infarct
S = premature/everything

43
Q

Paeds disorders: Small skull, normal brain

A

Chiari malformation, thus herniation
Chiari 1 = downward displacement of cerebellar tonsils
Chiari 2 = upward displacement of brainstem

44
Q

Paeds disorders: Small skull and brain

A

Microcephaly

45
Q

Paeds disorders: Frontal/ethmoidal external herniation of brain

A

Encephalocoele/MeningoEncephalocoele

46
Q

Paeds disorders: Occipital external herniation of brain

A

Dandy-walker/Chiari malformation

47
Q

Paeds disorders: Dilated 4th ventricle and cieterna magna with large head

A

Dandy-walker

48
Q

Paeds disorders: Dilated 3rd ventricle

A

Agenesis of corpus callosum

49
Q

Paeds disorders: Dilated lateral ventricle

A

HemiMegalEncephaly

50
Q

Paeds disorders: Dilated fronto-temporal cleft

A

SchizEncephaly

51
Q

Paeds disorders: Fused midline

A

HoloProsEncephaly

52
Q

Paeds disorders: Premature closure of cranial sutures with deformed skull shape

A

CranioSynostosis

53
Q

Paeds disorders: CranioSynostosis with distal problems (fused fingers/syndactyly)

A

Aperts (“A Bird, so fused fingers”)

54
Q

Paeds disorders: CranioSynostosis with proximal problems (short humerus/femur), choanal atresia (nose not connected to oropharynx)

A

Crouzons (“Croissant-look, so small head, short arms/legs, obstructed nose”)

55
Q

Paeds disorders: Widened cranial sutures

A

Suture diastasis (from trauma/raised ICP/hydrocephalus, low PO4/VitD/parathyroid

56
Q

Paeds disorders: Additional bone squiggles between cranial lambdoid suture

A

Wormian bone (<10 extra bones = normal variant, >10 extra bones = osteogenesis imperfecta, >10 extra bones with absent clavicle = cleidocranial dysostosis)

57
Q

Paeds disorders: CranioSynostosis with closure of metopic (anterior) suture

A

Trigonocephaly (“Triangular forward pointing head”)

58
Q

Paeds disorders: CranioSynostosis with closure of sagittal suture

A

Scaphocephaly (“Sagittal, Scaphocephaly”)
COMMONEST craniosynostosis overall

59
Q

Paeds disorders: CranioSynostosis with closure of coronal suture

A

Unilateral = plagiocephaly
Bilateral = brachycephaly

60
Q

Paeds disorders: Blurring of grey-white matter differentiation with seizures

A

Focal cortical dysplasia

61
Q

Paeds disorders: Hippocampus/mammillary body atrophy/gliosis, T2-hyper

A

Mesial temporal (medial temporal ie hippocampus) sclerosis (ie small/scarred)

62
Q

Paeds disorders: Cerebellar atrophy, upper motor neuron weakness

A

Friedreich ataxia

63
Q

Paeds disorders: NF1 signs

A

NF1: Cafe-au-lait spots, iris hamartomas, freckling, neurofibroma. Tibia pseudoarthrosis, scoliosis, thoracic meningocoele

NF2: Bilateral acoustic neuromas, glioma/meningioma/neurofibroma

64
Q

Paeds disorders: NF2 signs

A

NF1: Cafe-au-lait spots, iris hamartomas, freckling, neurofibroma. Tibia pseudoarthrosis, scoliosis, thoracic meningocoele

NF2: Bilateral acoustic neuromas, glioma/meningioma/neurofibroma

65
Q

Paeds disorders: Localised subcutaneous bag-of-worms mass in NF1

A

Plexiform neurofibroma

66
Q

Von hippel lindau signs

A

(“HiPPEL = Haemangioma, Pheo, Pancreatic cysts, Eye haemangioblastoma, Liver cysts”)

67
Q

Tuberous sclerosis signs

A

Bilateral renal AMLs with pulmonary LAM, cardiac rhabdomyosarcoma, diffuse hamartomas (“TUBAH = Tubers, AML, Hamartomas”).

68
Q

Sturge-Weber signs

A

PORT-WINE SKIN nevus in Trigeminal distribution, seizures, mental retardation.

69
Q

Dermoid vs epidermoid?

A

Dermoid cyst: SKIN/HAIR/CALCIFICATIONS/sweat glands cyst in midline region in child/youth, rim-enhancing with heterogeneous appearance.

Epidermoid cyst: ONLY SKIN CONTENTS cyst in parietal region in young adult

70
Q

Fetal hydrops, fetal cardiomegaly, dilated median prosencephalic vein

A

Vein of Galen AV malformation

71
Q

Neonatal HIE: 3 signs

A

Global cerebral oedema, peri-ventricular leuko-encephalopathy (PVL), peri-ventricular haemorrhage

72
Q

Peri-Ventricular Leukomalacia (PVL) signs

A

PREMATURE, SMALL neonate, peri-ventricular white matter appears BRIGHTER THAN CHOROID, due to hypoxic injury with cavitations, cysts and mental retardation/cerebral palsy.

73
Q

PVL vs PML vs Leukoencephalopathy vs Metachromatic leukodystrophy vs adrenoleukodystrophy/ALD

A

Periventricular leukomalacia/PML = PREMATURE, SMALL neonate, peri-ventricular white matter appears BRIGHTER THAN CHOROID in neonatal HIE

Progressive Multi-focal Leuko-Encephalopathy/PML in HIV = Asymmetric T2/flair-hyper without brain atrophy (compared to HIV encephalitis which is symmetrical and brain atrophy)

Leuko-Encephalopathy in chemo/RT/heroin = T2/flair-hyper in bilateral periventricular in adult

Metachromatic Leuko-dystrophy in infant = T2/flair-hyper in bilateral periventricular infant who cant walk/see/swallow

AdrenoLeukoDystrophy/ALD in young males = T2/flair-hyper in bilateral periventricular and corpus callosum in young males with motor/vision/hearing problems

(“LeukoDystrophy distrophic so neuro problems
Leuko-Encephalopathy, so short term, but progressive in HIV infn while normal one in any insult like chemo/RT/heroin
Leuko-Malacia, thus looks whiter in premature”)

74
Q

Signs of AdrenoLeukoDystrophy (ALD)

A

X-linked genetic condition, thus young males with demyelination of peri-ventricular white matter, especially corpus callosum. Progressive loss of motor, cognitive, vision and hearing functions, raised very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA).

75
Q

Paeds disorders: Multiple telangiectasias with brain infarct/haemorrhage/cerebellar ataxia

A

Ataxia telangiectasia

76
Q

Paeds bleeds: Under cranial periosteum, does not cross sutures

A

CephaloHaematoma

77
Q

Paeds bleeds: Between aponeurosis and periosteum, cross sutures

A

Sub-galeal haematoma

78
Q

Paeds bleeds: Under skin, cross sutures

A

Caput succedaneum

79
Q

Toxic encephalopathies: HIV encephalopathy vs PML

A

Bilateral diffuse SYMMETRICAL, with brain atrophy = HIV encephalopathy
Bilateral diffuse ASYMMETRICAL, no brain atrophy = Progressive Multi-focal Leuko-Encephalopathy (PML)

80
Q

Toxic encephalopathies: Cryptococcus vs Herpes simplex vs HIV

A

Bilateral diffuse SYMMETRICAL, with brain atrophy = HIV encephalopathy

BL symmetrical basal ganglia = Cryptococcus

Unilateral medial temporal lobe/insular = Herpes simplex encephalitis

81
Q

Neuro conditions: Eye of tiger sign

A

Hallervorden spatz (iron in globus pallidus)

82
Q

Paed Neuro: Types of Porencephaly/Schizencephaly

A

Cleft/TRACT connecting lateral ventricle to subarachnoid space.
Open means CSF tract visible
Closed means tract not visible cause the opposing surfaces are close together.

83
Q

Paeds Neuro: Types of Holoprosencephaly

A

Lobar (mild): Absent septum pellucidum only
Semilobar (moderate): Above + partial falx, small 3rd ventricle
Alobar (severe): Absent septum pellucidum, absent falx, absent 3rd ventricle

84
Q

Neuro Basal Ganglia conditions by location: Mnemonic

A

From anterior to posterior: CLIT = Caudate, Lentiform, Insula, Thalamus, Midbrain, Pons, Medulla

(“March my hall carbs & all her liver, we were far ‘from’ parking oddly, forget crying leh bae”)
(Depository conditions are T1-hyper, rest are T2-hyper)

Caudate: T2 Marchiafava
Lent-Putamen: T2 Methanol
Lent-Globus Pallidus: T1 Haller, T2 CO
Insula: T2 ALS, Hepatic encephalopathy/liver, Unilateral Herpes
Thalamus: T1 Wilsons/Fahrs, T2 Wernicke-Korsakoff
Midbrain: T1 Parkinson
Pons: T2 Osmotic-demyelination/ODS
Whole BG: Infant T2 Leighs, Oro-genital T2 Behcets, Symmetrical T2 Cryptococcus, Dementia T2 CJD

WlwG Old (22 decks)

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